Q !d` CC @@@ @@@@OO  p/PCpC EN DB Ci )4PUgss 's ys7yyH5H////'<<iiididdddfhhfftqqq?tu888:~::~A~AA 7"T,[k<-#kkXTK%L.iUGfo K0_z!dNM=;+ '}f%eJ6v Bargh2000n Bereby-Meyer2001 (in press)R Carlsmith1959l Cyert1959t Dovidio1986} Farnham2002 Florack1 Gilbert1995# Greenwald2001 Hock19979nJohnston1992 Krohne1996f Lindzey1998^ Manteufel1995U Milne1999`v Niemann1998@T Pelham19888^ Pyszczynski2001W Rubin1999U Schroeder1995 Steele19888X Tenbrunsel2000}m Vallacher19894o Wegner1996sHx Wegner19969 Wegner1996 Wegner1996 Wegner1996 Wegner1996 Wegner19969 Wegner1997 Wegner1997 Wegner1997 Wegner1997 Wegner1997 Wegner19989 Wegner1998 Wegner1998 Wegner1998 Wegner1999 Wegner1999 Wegner20000 Wegner20000 Wegner20000 Wegner2000f Wegner2000  Wegner2002 Wegner2003 Wegner2003 Wegner2003 @ Weick1979Weider-Hatfield1985 Weidner2000 Weigelt1998 b Weigold1990 Weinberger2000 BWeingart1990 AWeingart19931 Weir2000 Weisberg1972 C Weiser1983 D Weiss1984 E Weiss1994 F Weiss1996 Welch2001 G Weldon1995 Wentura2001 Wenzel2002 Wenzel20030GWenzlaff1981AWenzlaff19859Wenzlaff19882Wenzlaff1991Wenzlaff1996Wenzlaff1998 Wenzlaff2000 H Wesneat1996X West1987 West2000Westphal1998  Wetherell1987\Wheatley1998]Wheatley1998Wheatley1999YWheatley2000 Wheeler1994 Wheeler1996 Wheeler2001 Wheeler2001= White1987 J White1987 White1988 White1992 White19929 White1992 d White1992 I White1992 White1994 White1995 White2002 White2002OWhitleydraft Whyte1997 Whyte2002 M Wichman1970QWicklund1976 Wiers20020 Wiesenfeld1995/ Wiesenfeld1996g Wigboldus2000  Wildschut2001 Wilhelm2002k Wilk1993x Wilk19949 Wilk1995 Wilk1996 ;Wilk Under Reviewv Wilke2003 N Wilkinson1978  Wilkinson1980g Willemsen2000[William B. Swann1983 OWilliams1977 8Williams19833pWilliams1986hWilliams1989VWilliams1995 Williams19966Williams1998IWilliams2000 Williamson1991 Willis20020 Willis20020 P Wilmot1980 Wilpers1997 f Wilson1973 Wilson19777  Wilson19822M Wilson1985 Wilson1986 Wilson19878? Wilson19888 Q Wilson1989 Wilson1991 R Wilson1994\ Wilson1998] Wilson19988X Wilson20000Y Wilson2000[ Wilson20000Y Wilson2000W Wilson2001S Wilson2002U Wilson20022 Wilson20030 T Winham1977 U Winklegreen1974 Winklegren1974 Winkler1977  Winship1999 V Winston1980 Wirth2000  Wish19789 Wit2003 Wittenbrink2001j Wittenbrink2002Witter 2001 (lesson) Wlhelm2003 Woerner1995  Wohl2002 Wohl2003 W Wokutch1999 Wolsko2001 Woo1988 d Wood1969e X Wood1989 Wood20022 Woods1977 Woody2000 Woody2001 Woody2003 Woody2003+ Woolsey1986! Word1974k Word2000IWormley 1976 (lesson) Wright2001 Wu20012 Wyer2002 Wyland2003 Y Wylie1960j Xu19999W Xu20020 Z Yaari1984 Yaffe1997I Yakura19878gYamamoto20002 H Yaniv1997 I Yaniv1997 E Yaniv2000 Yaniv2002 F Yaniv2004 G Yaniv2004  Yates1986 Yeaton1992 Yellen19900 g Yeoman2002  Yinger1993  Yinger1995 Yinger20033 q Yngnesson1981  Yngvesson1975 Yoo2002a Yoon19969 [ Young1972 Young1987< Young1988 Young2002* Youngblood1990 \ Yukl1974 ] Yukl1976s Yzerbyt1998h Yzerbyt2000 Yzerbyt2002Q Zahn-Waxler2002G Zajac1990 Zajac1991 Zajac1992  Zajac1996 Zajonc1965@ Zajonc1980 Zajonc1980) Zajonc1991t Zajonc1993 Zakariya2004  Zakay1993 Zaltman1997 Zaltman2002) Zanakos1993% Zanakos1994  Zander1971! Zanna1974 Zanna1977 Zanna1978 Zanna1978 Zanna1978 Zanna1979 Zanna1980 Zanna1980 Zanna1981P Zanna1989Z Zanna1994K Zanna1998" Zanna2000k Zanna2000 Zanna2002 Zanna2002A Zauberman1999 Zdaniuk2001 X Zeckhauser1988f Zemore2000@ Zerbes2001 ` Zeuthan1930 Zhao20022 Zheng2000Zhiliang2002 Ziemba1988 aZimbardo1969 b Zucker1983 c Zucker1986 h Zuckerman1999 Zukova20030Zuwerink1991Zuwerink1993Zuwerink1994Zuwerink1996Zuwerink1996Zuwerink1996Zuwerink2000 d Zweig20000 Wheeler1996 Wheeler2001 Wheeler2001= White1987 White1988 White1992 White19928 White19929 White1992d White1992 White1994 White1995S White1995 White2002 White2002 WhitleyOWhitleydraft Whyte1997 Whyte2002QWicklund1976̋ Wiers20020 Wiesenfeld1995/ Wiesenfeld1996g Wigboldus2000  Wildschut2001 Wilhelm2002k Wilk1993x Wilk19949 Wilk1995̎ Wilk1996̔ Wilke2003  Wilkinson1980g Willemsen2000[William B. Swann19838 Williams19833pWilliams1986hWilliams1989VWilliams1995Williams1998IWilliams2000 Williamson1991 Willis20020 Willis20020 Wilpers1997& WilsonLV Wilson19777 Wilson19777 Wilson19822M Wilson1985̌ Wilson1986̿ Wilson19878? Wilson19888 Wilson1991\ Wilson1998] Wilson19988X Wilson20000Y Wilson2000[ Wilson20000Y Wilson2000W Wilson2001S Wilson2002U Wilson20022 Wilson20030 Winklegren1974̪ Winkler1977 Wirth2000 Wish19789 Wit2003 Wittenbrink2001j Wittenbrink2002Witter 2001 (lesson) Wlhelm2003̒ Wohl2003  Wolsko2001d Wood1969e Wood20022 Woods1977 Woody2000 Woody2001 Woody2003 Woody2003+ Woolsey1986! Word1974k Word2000IWormley 1976 (lesson) Wright2001̮Wu2001 (working paper)p Wyer2002̮ Wyland2003j Xu19999W Xu20020 Yaffe1997I Yakura19878gYamamoto20002 Yaniv2002 Yeaton1992q  Yngnesson1981  Yngvesson1975 Yoo2002a Yoon19969 Young1987< Young1988 Young2002* Youngblood1990s Yzerbyt1998h Yzerbyt2000 Yzerbyt2002Q Zahn-Waxler2002G Zajac1990 Zajac1991 Zajac1992H Zajac1992 Zajac1996 Zajonc1965@ Zajonc1980̎ Zajonc1980) Zajonc1991t Zajonc1993̐ Zaltman1997 Zaltman2002) Zanakos1993% Zanakos1994! Zanna1974 Zanna1977 Zanna1978 Zanna1978 Zanna1978 Zanna1979 Zanna1980 Zanna1980 Zanna1981P Zanna1989Z Zanna1994K Zanna1998" Zanna2000k Zanna2000 Zanna2002 Zanna2002A Zauberman1999 Zdaniuk2001X  Zeckhauser1988f Zemore2000@ Zerbes2001̈ Zhao20022  Zheng2000Zhiliang2002̏ Zukova20030Zuwerink1991Zuwerink1993Zuwerink1994Zuwerink1996Zuwerink1996Zuwerink1996Zuwerink2000nk2000ao2002222GB8d:X+FF'UU$py1f,BiI"pp[0DF M $$ABO??SbbdJwO--Y{G]pQ  NM=,@PPSUU OR%8Mh*CC*Udy\s(#NOQO Authors Journals FKeywords 9                                 X?? Aaron, M. Aarts, HenkAbelson, Robert P.Abrahamson, EricAbrams, DominicAbrams, Richard L.Abramson, Lyn Y.Ackerman, Grant Adair, B. Adair, W. Adams, A. A.Adams, Barbara D.Adcock, SylviaAdetoun, BolanleAdler, SeymourAgostinelli, GinaAhrens, Cheryl R.Ainslie, George Aird, PeterAkande, Adebowale Akerlof, G.Akerlof, George A. al., et al., et. Alao, AmosAlbert, Stuart M.Albrecht, Terrance L.Aldrich, Howard E.Alesina, AlbertoAlexander, Gwendolyn R.Alexander, K. L.Alexander, Michele G.Alexander, Ralph A.Allen, Judith L.Allen, Lindsay Allison, G.Allison, S. T.Alloy, Lauren, B.Allred, Keith G.Alnwick, Kym A.Alperson, C. A Alpert, M.Alvard, MichaelAlvarez, JeannetteAmabile, TeresaAmabile, Teresa M.Ambady, NaliniAmelie, MummendeyAmes, Daniel R.Amodio, David M.Anastasio, Phyllis A. Andelman, S.Andersen, Susan M.Anderson, CameronAnderson, Craig A.Anderson, John R.Anderson, Nick E.Anderson, Norman H.Anderson, PhilipAnderson, W. T.Angelone, B. L.Annetje, BarbaraAnsfield, MatthewAnsfield, Matthew E. Antle, R.Aparicio, Manuel IVAppelman, AlanApplbaum, A. I.Apple, Kevin J.Apsley, Deborah K. Archibald, K. Arden, Katie Argote, LindaArgyle, MichaelArgyris, Chris Ariely, Dan Arkes, Hal R.Armor, David AlainArmstrong, Tamara L. Arndt, Jamie Arnold, W. J.Aronson, ElliotAronson, Jessica AAronson, JoshuaAronson, Joshua A. Arrow, K. J.Arrow, Kenneth J. Arthur, J.Asakawa, Kiyoshi Asch, S. Asch, S.E.Asendorpf, Jens B.Ashburn-Nardo, LeslieAshford, Susan J. Ashmore, R.D.Ashmore, Richard D.Atkin, Robert S. Atran, SAugoustinos, Martha Austin, W.G.Austin, WilliamAxelrod, Robert Axlerod, Saul Axsom, DannyAyduk, Ozlem N.Ayres Ayres, Ian AZavaloni, M. Babcock, L.Babcock, LindaBacarach, S. B. Bacharach, S.Bachman, Betty A.Backler, Martin H. Backman, E.Badaracco, Joseph L. Jr. Baddeley, A. Baden, J. Bader, M.Baderschneider, J.Baeyens, FrankBaggenstos, David A.Bagozzi, Richard P.Bailey, Jeffrey J. Baker, G. W.Baker, Sara M.Baker, Wayne E.Bales, Robert F.Ball, Sheryl B. Baltes, P. B. Baltes, P.B. Banaji Banaji, M. R. Banaji, M.R.Banaji, MahzarinBanaji, Mahzarin R.Banaszynski, Tracy L.Bandura, AlbertBangert-Drowns, Robert L.Banker, Brenda S.Banner, Michele J. Banse, R. Banse, RainerBar-Hillel, M. B.Bar-Hillel, Maya Bar-tal, D.Baranowski, Thomas A.Barber, Brad M. Bargh, J. A.Bargh, John A. Barley, S. R.Barley, Stephen R.Barndollar, Kimberly Barnes, MarcBarnett, W. P. Baron, J. Baron, J. N Baron, J. N.,&Baron, J., Bazerman, M., and Shonk, K.Baron, James N.Baron, JonathanBaron, Reuben M.Baron, Robert A. Barr, AbigailBarrett, Gerald V.Barrett, Lisa FeldmanBarron, Kenneth E. Barry, B. Barry, BruceBarsade, Sigal G. Barsky, Adam Barsness, Z.Bartholow, Bruce D. Bartlett, S.Bartol, Kathryn M.Bartunek, Jean M.Bass, Bernard M.Bassett, Jonathan F.Bassili, John N.Batson, C. DanielBatson, Daniel C.Batts, Valerie Bauer, NadineBaum, J. A. C.Baumann, Michael R.Baumeister, R. F.Baumeister, Roy F.Baumgardner, Michael H. Baumhart, R.Bayless, Ovid L.,&Bazerman, Andrew J. Hoffman and Max H.Bazerman, M. H.$ Bazerman, M. H. and D. Malholtra$Bazerman, M. H., and Chugh, D.$Bazerman, M. H., and Shonk, K.$ Bazerman, M. H., and Watkins, M.40Bazerman, M. H., Moore, D. A., and Tetlock, P.E. Bazerman, M.H., and Chugh, D.   *Ability *Abstraction*Abuse of Power*Academic Achievement$ *Academic Achievement Prediction*Academic Environment*Academic Self Concept *Academic Underachievement *Accidents*Accountability *Achievement*Achievement Motivation($*Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome*Activist Movements*Activity Level *Adjectives *Adjudication *Adjustment*Adolescent Attitudes*Adult Attitudes *Advertising*Aesthetic Preferences *Affection*Affiliation Motivation*Affirmative Action *Afterimage*Age Differences*Aged (Attitudes Toward)*Aggressive Behavior*Air Transportation*Alcohol Abuse *Alcohol Drinking Attitudes *Alcohol Drinking Patterns*Alcohol Intoxication *Alcoholism *Alcohols *Algorithms *Alienation *Altruism *Ambivalence *Amnesia*Amygdaloid Body *Analogy *Analysis *Anger*Animal Models*Animal Motivation*Animal Social Behavior *Antonyms *Anxiety*Anxiety Disorders*Aptitude Measures *Arabs *Arguments*Army Personnel*Artificial Intelligence *Asians*Aspiration Level *Aspirations *Assistance (Social Behavior)*Associationism*Associative Processes*At Risk Populations*Athletic Performance*Attachment Behavior*Attack Behavior *Attention*Attitude Change*Attitude Formation*Attitude Measurement*Attitude Measures*Attitude Similarity *Attitudes *Attorneys *Attribution *Audiences *Audiotapes*Auditory Discrimination*Auditory Perception*Auditory Stimulation *Augmentative Communication*Authoritarianism *Authority*Autobiographical Memory *Automatism*Aversive Stimulation *Avoidance *Awareness *Bargaining *Basketball *Behavior*Behavior Change*Behavior Modification*Behavioral Contrast *Behaviorism *Biology *Birth Order *Blacks*Blood Pressure *Body Image *Body Weight*Borderline States *Brain *Brand Names*Brand Preferences *Business("*Business and Industrial Personnel*Business Education*Business Management*Business Organizations*Capital Punishment *Cardiovascular Reactivity*Career Change*Cartoons (Humor)*Causal Analysis*Chance (Fortune)*Charitable Behavior *Cheating*Child Custody*Childhood Development*Childrearing Attitudes*Choice Behavior*Classical Conditioning(#*Classification (Cognitive Process)*Classroom Environment*Claustrophobia*Client Characteristics*Client Satisfaction("*Clinical Judgment (Not Diagnosis) *Clinical Methods Training *Clinicians*Coalition Formation *Cognition *Cognitions*Cognitive Ability*Cognitive Assessment*Cognitive Complexity*Cognitive Contiguity*Cognitive Development*Cognitive Discrimination*Cognitive Dissonance*Cognitive Generalization *Cognitive Hypothesis Testing*Cognitive Maps*Cognitive Mediation*Cognitive Processes *Cognitive Processing Speed*Cognitive Psychology*Cognitive Style*Cognitive Therapy*Collective Behavior*College Dropouts@<*College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test*College Students*College Teachers *Color*Color Perception *Commitment*Communication*Communication Skills*Communication Systems*Communications Media *Competence *Competition *Compliance*Comprehension*Computer Applications$*Computer Assisted Instruction *Computer Assisted Testing*Computer Games*Computer Simulation*Computer Software *Computers*Concentration *Concepts*Conceptual Imagery *Conditioning *Condoms *Conflict*Conflict Resolution*Conformity (Personality)*Conjoint Measurement$*Conscious (Personality Factor)*Consciousness States(#*Conservation (Ecological Behavior)/im.>\!Y Yype=(~}yO ds"aq!.wK$$uu%%%%p8`pp*8?*+hN,k++Oq1'=8S=;jj2Q2QQeIEe::e^F  PS (in press)(working paper) Academic Psychology Bulletin0,Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings Academy of Management Journal0,Academy of Management Learning and Education Academy of Management ReviewAccounting ReviewActa PsychologicaActa Psychologica SinicaAddictive Behaviors$ Administrative Science QuarterlyXSAdministrative Science Quarterly 3 1958, 23-47 Administrative Science Quarterly, US0*Advances in Experimental Social Psychology AEA Papers and Proceedings Aggression & Violent Behavior(#AJS - American Journal of Sociology American Behavioral Science4/American Behavioral Scientist Am. Behav. Sci. American Economic ReviewAmerican Ethnologist,(American Journal of Community Psychology(%American Journal of Political Science$American Journal of Psychology American Journal of Sociology$!American Political Science Review$American Psychological SocietyAmerican PsychologistHEAmerican Psychologist 4 1949, 263-264 American Psychological Assn, USTQAmerican Psychologist Vol 26(2) Feb 1971, 180-188 American Psychological Assn, USAmerican Scientist American Sociological ReviewPLAmerican Sociological Review 16 1951, 461-468 American Sociological Assn, USPLAmerican Sociological Review 20 1955, 566-575 American Sociological Assn, USPLAmerican Sociological Review 26 1961, 565-573 American Sociological Assn, USPLAmerican Sociological Review. 13 1948, 25-35. American Sociological Assn, USAmerican Statistician Animal Learning & Behavior Annual Review of PsychologyHDAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 28 36 1977, 3-392 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 31 1980, 169-193 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 38 1987, 369-425 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 40 1989, 327-351 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 43 1992, 531-582 Annual Reviews, USHBAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 43 1992, 87-131 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 44 1993, 155-194 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 45 1994, 297-332 Annual Reviews, USDAAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 49 1998, 65-85 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 51 2000, 279-314 Annual Reviews, USDAAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 51 2000, 59-91 Annual Reviews, USHBAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 51 2000, 93-120 Annual Reviews, USHCAnnual Review of Psychology Vol 54 2003, 297-327 Annual Reviews, US0+AoM conflict management division 2002 mtgs.Applied PsychologyArbitration JournalArtificial Intelligence("Asian Journal of Social PsychologyD?Australian Industrial and Organizational Best Paper Proceedings$!Basic & Applied Social Psychology(#Basic and Applied Social Psychology0+Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation83Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers Behavioral & Brain SciencesBehavioral ScienceLGBehavioral Science 4 1959, 49-66 General Systems Science Foundation, USLGBehavioral Science 4 1959, 81-95 General Systems Science Foundation, USLIBehavioral Science 5 1960, 253-264 General Systems Science Foundation, US Behaviour Research & Therapy,&British Journal of Clinical Psychology0+British Journal of Developmental Psychology<8British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology(%British Journal of Medical Psychology($British Journal of Political Science`ZBritish Journal of Psychiatry Vol 139 Jul 1981, 47-51 Royal Coll of Psychiatrists, England British Journal of Psychology4/British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology($British Journal of Social Psychology$British Journal of Social Work($Brookings Paper on Economic Activity(#Bulletin of the Psychonomic SocietyBusiness Ethics Quarterly$ Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive Californial Management Review oL Hogg, M.A.Hogg, Michael A.Hohenemser, C.Holbrook, Allyson L.Holland, J. L.Holland, Rob W.Hollenshead, Janet D.Hollingshead, Andrea B. Holm, P. Holmer, MajiaHolmes, John G.Holzberg, Amy D.Homans, George C.Hood, Bruce M.Hooijberg, RobertHooper, DouglasHopkins, Nicholas Hopkins, Nick Horowitz, J.Horowitz, Leonard M.Horton, David L.Hough, Joseph C.Houlette, MelissaHoulette, MissyHouston, Christopher E.Houston, David A.Houwer, Jan DeHoward, AdaiahHrebec, DennisHsee, Chrisopher K.Hsee, ChristopherHsee, Christopher K. Hsu, Greta Hsu, Louis M. Huajian, CaiHuart, JohanneHubbard, Michael Huber, G. P.Huber, George P.Huber, Vandra L. Hueber, G.Hugenberg, Kurt Hughes, E.J.Hummert, Mary Lee Hunt, Earl B.Hunter, Anne E.Hurlbert, Jeanne S. Husted, B.Hyde, Janet ShibleyHymes, CharlesIbarra, Herminia Idson, L. C.Idson, Lorraine Chen Igou, Eric R.III, H. L. RoedigerIkegami, TomokoIlgen, Daniel R. Innes, J.Insko, Chester A. Institute, The World Resource Irwin, D. E. Irwin, J. R. Isen, A. M.Isen, Alice M. Islam, Mir R.Islam, Mir RabiulIssacharoff, S.Issacharoff, SamuelIssachroff, S.Ito, Tiffany A.Iyengar, Sheena S.Jaccard, JamesJacks, Julia ZuwerinkJackson, Joni R.Jackson, Lynne M. Jacobson, L.Jacoby, Larry L.Jajodia, Archana James, Keith James, W.James, WilliamJamieson, David W. Janis, I. Janis, I. L. Jarvis, W.Jarymowicz, M. Jasanoff, S. Jaspars, Jos Jaspers, Jos Jegadeesh, N.Jehn, Karen A.Jencks, Christopher Jensen, M. C.Jetten, JolandaJeyaram, Subathra Ji, Li-Jun Jiang, Wei Jick, T.Jochem, Lurene M. Jogg, J. P. Johansson, P.Johnson, Blair T.Johnson, BrendaJohnson, CraigJohnson, Douglas F.Johnson, E. J.Johnson, Eric J. Johnson, G. Johnson, GaryJohnson, Homer H.Johnson, James D.Johnson, Joel T.Johnson, Kelly M.Johnson, Marcia K.Johnson, MichaelJohnson, Michael P.Johnson, Mitzi M.Johnson, P. E.Johnson, Thomas E.Johnson-Laird, P. N.Johnson-Laird, Philip N.Johnsrude, Ingrid S.Johnston, LucyJohnston, Lucy C. Jonas, KlausJones, Edward E.Jones, John T.Jones, Tricia S.Jordan, Amanda Jordan, D. J.Josephs, Robert A. Jost, J Jost, John T. Joyce, E. E.Joyce, Edward J.Judd, Charles M. Judd, D. G. Jungerman, H. Kagel, J. H. Kahn, R.L.Kahn, Robert L. Kahn, ShariKahneman, DanielKaminska-Feldman, MartaKapferer, Bruce Kaplan, M. Kaplan, M. F. Kappas, Arvid Karabel, J.Karambayya, RekhaKardes, Frank R. Kareiva, PKarpinski, AndrewKarpinski, Robert Todd Karuza, J.Karylowski, Jerzy J.Kassirer, Jerome P. Kataes, R. W. Katz, Daniel Katz, H. C.Katz, Jerome A. Katz, R. Kawakami, K.Kawakami, Kerry Kay, Aaron C.Kazdin, Alan E.Keating, Caroline F.Keel, Pamela K. Keeley, M. Keeney, R. L.Keiffer, Miriam Keil, F.Kelley, Harold H.Kelley, William M. Kelly, E. Kelman, H. C. Kelso, A. S. Keltner, D.Keltner, DacherKempton, WillettKennedy, Sidney J.Kenny, David A.Kenworthy, Jared B.Keon, Thomas L. Keough, Kelli Kerker, R. Keros, A. T.Keros, Angela T.Kerr, Norbert L. Kerry, SeanKessler, Thomas `l Psychopharmacology [2580].PKPsychopharmacology [2580]. Behavior Disorders & Antisocial Behavior [3230].Psychophysiology [2560].LGPsychophysiology [2560]. Research Methods & Experimental Design [2260].Psychosexual Behavior4.Psychosocial & Personality Development [2840].Psychosocial DevelopmentPsychosocial Factors Psychotherapeutic Outcomes Psychotherapy84Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling [3310].Public Opinion purchasing recommendationsQuality of Lifequestioner vs answerer as social roles, social perception, college students, implications for biased perceptions of powerful & powerless in societyraceRace (Anthropological) Racial and Ethnic Attitudes Racial and Ethnic DifferencesRacial and Ethnic Groups Racial and Ethnic Relations RacismRandom Sampling Rating Scales rationalityRationalizationRats Reaction TimeRealism (Philosophy) Reality ReasoningRecall (Learning) ReciprocityRecognition (Learning) Recreation & Leisure [3740].Reference Groupsregression to the meanregulatory focusReligion [2920].Repeated Measures$Repression (Defense Mechanism) Reputationtpresearch & expert testimony on social cognitive view of stereotyping, personal experience of social psychologist`\research in social psychology, personal experiences of psychologists, instructional material4.Research Methods & Experimental Design [2260].PJResearch Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Cognitive Processes [2340].\VResearch Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020].LHResearch Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Learning & Memory [2343].XUResearch Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Personality Traits & Processes [3120].hbResearch Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Personnel Management & Selection & Training [3620].hbResearch Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Professional Ethics & Standards & Liability [3450].XTResearch Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. ResistanceResource Allocation Response BiasResponse Latency ResponsesResponsibility responsibility for decision review Risk Analysis Risk TakingRole Conflictsrole of context & impression management in & conditions under which females raise & promote gender-equity issues in work organizations, female managersRole Perception Role TakingRoles Romance Sadness Salaries Satisfaction SchemaSchool AttendanceSchool EnvironmentSchool PrincipalsSelective Attentionself Self ConceptSelf Confidence Self ControlSelf Disclosure Self Efficacy Self EsteemSelf EvaluationSelf MonitoringSelf Perceptionself presentationSelf Psychology Self Reportself-concept theoryself-concepttheory self-esteemself-interest, altruism, cooperation, Ultimatum Game, Public Goods Game, cross-cultural research, experimental economics, game theoryself-perceptionself-regulation Selfishnesssemantic priming Sensory Perception [2320].Sex DiscriminationSex Role Attitudes Sex Roles("Sex Roles & Women's Issues [2970].PKSex Roles & Women's Issues [2970]. Personality Scales & Inventories [2223].LISex Roles & Women's Issues [2970]. Personality Traits & Processes [3120].LHSex Roles & Women's Issues [2970]. Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Sexism0,Sexual Behavior & Sexual Orientation [2980].XSSexual Behavior & Sexual Orientation [2980]. Personality Traits & Processes [3120].8==b]]bb]]ddd 22q1?pEqqpj?eqp1qqp?q1qqe:1q+yyyyyJ+++++rrrr&&&&rr6JJ$$O\O\\z\Oz{{{{.11  PPPP(((XXXXNOOOOO>-20JDDovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L. Isen, Alice M. Lowrance, Robert\VGroup representations and intergroup bias: Positive affect, similarity, and group size.(Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin218i Augm856-865aExamined how social group size, appearance (similar or dissimilar dress), and affective (positive or neutral mood) factors can influence social categorization, and consequently intergroup bias. 49 males and 83 female undergraduates were randomly assigned to groups of size 2 (n = 12 groups), 3 (n = 16), or 4 (n = 15). Results showed that positive affect increased the extent to which Ss formed inclusive group representations, anticipating that the members of 2 groups would feel like one superordinate group. Ss in dissimilarly dressed groups expected the members to feel less like one group. Consistent with the common in-group identity model, stronger superordinate group representations, in turn, predicted more positive out-group evaluations and lower levels of intergroup bias. The conceptual and applied implications of affect and social representations for improving intergroup relations are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Emotional States *Group Size *Prejudice *Social Structure Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).SF?Sage Publications, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englishl 1995Dovidio, John F.'&Colgate U, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.("With a little help from my friends.'McGraw-Hill series in social psychologyBrannigan, Gary G (Ed); Merrens, Matthew R (Ed) (1995) The social psychologists: Research adventures McGraw-Hill series in social psychology (pp 99-113) xx, 279ppB<(from the introduction) presents [an] account of the turning points and influential experiences in his life that led him to his research on pro-social behavior (from the chapter) [discusses] common themes--stress [and common experience], arousal [cost-reward model which has 2 major components: emotional and cognitive], and emotion [egoism vs altruism]--that have run through [the author's] work why don't people help / when do people help / why do people help / do people help to benefit others or themselves (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Assistance (Social Behavior) *Experimentation *Social Psychologists Emotional States Physiological Arousal Stress Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Professional Psychological & Health Personnel Issues [3400]. Human..'Autobiography/Personal Account. Englishe 1995*$Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L.PIAffirmative action, unintentional racial biases, and intergroup relationsJournal of Social Issues524 Win 51-75VPExamines whether affirmative action is still needed, investigates why it may be needed in terms of contemporary racial attitudes, and considers ways of reducing intergroup conflict and tension surrounding this issue. Although the nature of contemporary bias is more subtle than traditional forms, this unintentional bias can produce barriers to the employment and advancement of well-qualified members of historically disadvantaged groups, as well as resistance to affirmative action. Nevertheless, affirmative action policies may address contemporary biases more effectively than passive equal employment opportunity policies because they emphasize outcomes rather than intentions, provide unambiguous standards of behavior, and establish monitoring systems that insure accountability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Affirmative Action *Conflict *Intergroup Dynamics *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes Social Processes & Social Issues [2900]. Human.h81Blackwell Publishers, US Journal Article. Englishi 1996 Z 83developments in social judgment & attitude researchPMdifferential weighting in choice vs advice, undergraduate & graduate studentsdirected cognition Disabled (Attitudes Toward) DisadvantagedDiscriminationDisease Course Disorderspjdistance vs input vs output modality, impression management in computer-based interviews, college students Distraction Distress diversityDivided Attention Divorce & Remarriage [2953]. DominanceDominance Hierarchy(%Drug & Alcohol Rehabilitation [3383].($Drug & Alcohol Usage (Legal) [2990]. Drug AbuseDrugsdurability biasDyads Early Childhood DevelopmentEating DisordersEating Disorders [3260]. Ecology Economics Education4.Educational Administration & Personnel [3510].Educational Measurement$Educational Measurement [2227].`[Educational Measurement [2227]. Classroom Dynamics & Student Adjustment & Attitudes [3560].<9Educational Measurement [2227]. Marriage & Family [2950].Educational Personnel$Educational Psychology [3500].Effect Size (Statistical)Egalitarianismego ego depletionEgo Development Egocentrism85Electrophysiology [2530]. Cognitive Processes [2340].Emotional ContentEmotional ControlEmotional ResponsesEmotional StatesEmotionally Disturbed emotions EmpathyEmpirical MethodsEmployee AttitudesEmployee CharacteristicsEmployee TurnoverEmployer AttitudesEmployment DiscriminationEmployment Status\VEngineering & Environmental Psychology [4000]. Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Engineers enrichmentEntrapment GamesEntrepreneurship EnvironmentEnvironmental AttitudesEnvironmental Effects,(Environmental Issues & Attitudes [4070].LHEnvironmental Issues & Attitudes [4070]. Organizational Behavior [3660].Environmental PlanningEnvironmental PsychologyEpisodic MemoryEquity (Social)equity of participation Errors Estimationethical behavior ethicsEthnic Identity Ethnocentrism ethnography Ethnology Etiology Evaluationlfevaluations of male vs female leaders, adults, meta analysis, implications for organizational settingsevidence judgmentEvoked Potentialsevolutionary theoryExpectant Parents ExpectationsExperience LevelExperiences (Events)Experimental Designexperimental economicsExperimental LaboratoriesExperimental MethodsExperimental ReplicationExperimental SubjectsExperimentationExperimenter Bias expert adviceExpert Testimonyexplicit attitudesExternal Rewards Extracurricular Activities ExtraversionExtrinsic MotivationFace (Anatomy)Face PerceptionFacial ExpressionsFacial FeaturesFactor Structure Failure False Memory familyFamily RelationsFamily Work Relationship favorite Feedback FemininityFigurative Language Fishesfocusing illusion FolkloreFollowup Studies Food Intake Foreign Language Translation0*Forensic Psychology & Legal Issues [4200]. ForgettingFrequency Distribution$Freudian Psychoanalytic School Friendship Functionalism fundamental attribution error Future Gambling Game TheoryGames genderPLgender cues in computer voice output, sterotypic responses, college students0*gender, social cognition, IAT, stereotypes General Psychology [2100].,)GOAL, SUPERORDINATE, INTERGROUP RELATIONSGoals God ConceptsGovernment AgenciesGovernment Policy MakingGovernment ProgramsGraduate Students,'Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020].hcGroup & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Classroom Dynamics & Student Adjustment & Attitudes [3560].HCGroup & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Culture & Ethnology [2930].\VGroup & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Industrial & Organizational Psychology [3600]. 3 <*Social Desirability*Social Discrimination*Social Drinking*Social Environments*Social Equality*Social Facilitation*Social Groups*Social Identity*Social Influences*Social Integration*Social Interaction*Social Isolation*Social Issues*Social Learning*Social Mobility*Social Networks *Social Norms*Social Perception*Social Processes*Social Psychologists*Social Psychology*Social Sciences*Social Structure*Social Support Networks*Social Values*Social Work Education*Social Workers*Socialization *Society*Sociocultural Factors*Socioeconomic Status*Sociolinguistics*Spatial Organization*Special Education*Speech Anxiety*Speech Characteristics*Speech Perception *Speech Rate *Sports *Spouses*Statistical Analysis*Statistical Correlation*Statistical Estimation*Statistical Measurement*Statistical Power*Statistical Probability*Statistical Regression*Statistical Reliability*Statistical Significance*Statistical Validity*Statistical Variables*Statistical Weighting *Statistics *Status*Stereotyped Attitudes*Stereotyped Behavior *Stigma *Stimulation*Stimulus Ambiguity*Stimulus Change*Stimulus Discrimination*Stimulus Duration*Stimulus Frequency*Stimulus Generalization*Stimulus Intensity*Stimulus Novelty*Stimulus Parameters$*Stimulus Presentation Methods*Stimulus Salience*Stimulus Similarity*Stimulus Variability*Stochastic Modeling *Storytelling*Stranger Reactions *Strategies *Stress*Stroop Effect*Student Attitudes*Student Characteristics *Students *Subculture (Anthropological) *Subjectivity*Subliminal Perception*Subliminal Stimulation*Suggestibility$ *Supervisor Employee Interaction$ *Suppression (Defense Mechanism) *Surveys *Suspicion *Sympathy*Task Analysis*Task Complexity *Taxonomies*Teacher Attitudes*Teacher Characteristics$!*Teacher Effectiveness Evaluation *Teacher Student Interaction*Teacher Tenure *Teaching*Teaching Methods *Teams *Technology*Telecommunications Media *Television*Test Administration*Test Construction *Test Forms*Test Interpretation *Test Items*Test Reliability *Test Scores *Test Taking*Test Validity*Text Structure *Theoretical Interpretation*Theoretical Orientation *Theories*Theory Formulation*Theory of Evolution*Theory Verification *Thinking *Threat*Threat Postures*Time*Time Estimation *Time on Task*Time Perspective *Timidity *Tolerance*Top Level Managers*Transfer (Learning)*Treatment Compliance*Treatment Outcomes*Treatment Planning *Trends*Trust (Social Behavior) *Twins *Uncertainty*Unconditioned Stimulus$!*Unconscious (Personality Factor)*Urban Environments *Values *Vandalism*Verbal Communication rDouglas G. Yeaton, William H. Sechrest, Lee Greenwald, Anthony G.$Design options and procedurespjKazdin, Alan E (Ed) (1992) Methodological issues & strategies in clinical research (pp 119-167) xxv, 765pprTNMonteith, Margo J. Ashburn-Nardo, Leslie Voils, Corrine I. Czopp, Alexander M.\UPutting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for controle 20020*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology835h 1029-1050 `ZA model concerning the establishment and operation of cues for control was developed and tested to understand how control can be exerted over (automatic) prejudiced responses. Cues for control are stimuli that are associated with prejudiced responses and the aversive consequences of those responses (e.g., guilt). In Exp 1 and 2, 3 events critical to the establishment of cues occurred: behavioral inhibition, the experience of guilt, and retrospective reflection. In Exp 3, the presentation of already-established cues for control did, as expected, produce behavioral inhibition. In Exp 4, participants were provided with an experience in which cues could be established. Later presentation of those cues in a different task resulted in behavioral inhibition and less racially biased responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).~x*Cues *Inhibition (Personality) *Prejudice *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes Culture & Ethnology [2930]. Human. Male. Female.Using Smart Source Parsing Nov American Psychological Assn, US Conference Proceedings/Symposia. Empirical Study. Portions of this research has been presented at the aforementioned preconference, at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, May 2000, Chicago, Illinois; and at the meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, October 2001, Spokane, Washington Journal Article. English Montgomery, James D.82Toward a role-theoretic conception of embeddedness*#AJS - American Journal of Sociologyt 104 1a Juli 92-125B;States that rational choice theorists have attempted to formalize M. Granovetter's (1985) argument that economic action is embedded in social relationships as repeated (prisoner's dilemma) games. The author argues that role theory would provide a better metatheoretical perspective as experimental evidence suggests that cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma follows not from "calculative trust" but from the subjective representation of the situation--the roles evoked in players. To illustrate, the author constructs a repeated-game model in which the players are not individuals, but roles (a profit-maximizing "businessperson" and nonstrategic "friend"). The businessperson role acts strategically in light of a metarule that governs intrapersonal role switching. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).^X*Economics *Social Psychology *Theories Prisoners Dilemma Game Social Psychology [3000].82Univ of Chicago Press, US Journal Article. English 1998egorize men and to access associated category-related (i.e., stereo-typic) material from semantic memory. The implications of these findings for contemporary treatments of person perception are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved). *Cognitive Processes *Hormones *Human Females *Menstrual Cycle *Social Perception Physiological Processes [2540]. Human. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).HBBlackwell Publishers, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 2002vGaertner, Samuel L. Mann, Jeffrey Murrell, Audrey Dovidio, John F.'(!U of Delaware, Newark, DE, US, 1.,@:Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization(!Key readings in social psychologys & Hogg, Michael A. Abrams, Dominic 2001PJIntergroup relations: Essential readings Key readings in social psychology356-369 Philadelphia, PA Psycho*$Gaertner, Samuel L. Dovidio, John F.B;Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model (2000) 212XR(from the cover) Focuses on how intergroup biases, including subtle, contemporary forms of racism, can be combated. Specifically, the book begins by tracing how the challenges of addressing aversive racism, an indirect and typically unconscious type of racial bias, have led to the development of the Common Ingroup Identity Model. This model outlines strategies for reducing biases that are rooted, in part, in fundamental, normal psychological processes such as the categorization of people into ingroups, "we's who are favored," and outgroups, "they's who are not." Thus, changing the nature of categorization from ingroups and outgroups (e.g., on the basis of race) to one more common, inclusive identity (e.g., university affiliation or nationality) can harness the cognitive and motivational forces of ingroup favoritism and redirect them to reduce bias. This process, described by the Common Ingroup Identity Model, not only produces more positive intergroup attitudes and more inclusive and generous standards of justice and fairness, but also increases positive and trusting intergroup behaviors such as helping and personal disclosures. The authors state that this book is an important reading for those in the field of intergroup relations and for anyone interested in prejudice reduction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).pj*Ingroup Outgroup *Models *Racism *Social Identity *Stereotyped Attitudes Social Psychology [3000]. Human. Index. References. English 2000' $ D   B  vV{!!!!!!6""&& 0 0'&00*&&u0'*X*'|y8z',,,,\&>BBCCC-BBB---K4K444/bC/~/~~..0..7.77HHHYNH(N(c ((RRRRR[[]aaj]] y6ne explicit measure (Modern Racism Scale). After correcting for interitem inconsistency with latent variable analyses, the authors found that (a) stability indices improved and (b) implicit measures were substantially correlated with each other, forming a single latent factor. The psychometric properties of response-latency implicit measures have greater integrity than recently suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Attitude Measurement *Consistency (Measurement) *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes *Test Validity Personality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Personality Traits & Processes [3120]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).sHBBlackwell Publishers, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 2001Darley, J.M. Latane, B. 1968JCBystander intervention in emergencies: diffusion of responsibilitys2,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology8l377-383\ Psych 2500 class binder2001 September 25classica _DwHDimplicit attitudes, stereotypes, IAT, automaticity, social cognition,(implicit, automaticity, social cognition($implicit, social cognition, syllabusPKimplicit, social cognition, system justification, status, outgroup, ingroupImpression FormationImpression Management ImpulsivenessPLIncentives, Probability phrases, Professional standards, Reporting decisions,&individual based recommendation agentsindividual differences individualism Individuality4.Industrial & Organizational Psychology [3600].\VIndustrial & Organizational Psychology [3600]. Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020].PJIndustrial & Organizational Psychology [3600]. Military Psychology [3800].@=Industrial & Organizational Psychology [3600]. Sports [3720].Industrial Psychology Inference Information$information exchange & samplinginformation processing IngestionIngroup Outgroup84ingroup, status, implicit attitudes, minority groups inhibition InjuriesD?Inpatient & Hospital Services [3379]. History & Systems [2140]. Insurance Integrity Intentioninterdependent self interestingIntergroup Dynamics("Internal External Locus of ControlInternal RewardsInternational Relations@Lawrence Erlbaum, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1994$Pratto, Felicia Bargh, John A.Stereotyping based on apparently individuating information: Trait and global components of sex stereotypes under attention overload0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologya271m Jan1 26-47Hypothesized that sex stereotypic impressions can exist at both a specific trait level and a more global (stereotype fit) level, and that the degree of correspondence between the 2 components depends on the amount of attention paid to the target information. 78 undergraduates formed impressions of either a male or a female target who performed either several male-typed behaviors or several female-typed behaviors and several sex-neutral behaviors. Ss in 2 different attention conditions appeared to stereotype the target based on his/her behaviors rather than on his/her sex. When Ss had more time to attend to the information, their global and trait-level impressions were relatively independent; when Ss had little time, their trait impressions were driven mainly by their global impressions. Impressions are more likely to be stereotypic when people do not have time to integrate more individuating information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Attention *Impression Formation *Sex Role Attitudes *Stereotyped Attitudes *Stereotyped Behavior Human Sex Differences Personality Traits Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).B*Academic Achievement *Coronary Prone Behavior *High School Students *Life Experiences *Student Characteristics Extracurricular Activities Juvenile Delinquency School Attendance Classroom Dynamics & Student Adjustment & Attitudes [3560]. Criminal Behavior & Juvenile Delinquency [3236]. Human. Adolescence (13-17 yrs).HBHeldref Publications, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1984Forgas, Joseph P.4`ZSad and guilty? Affective influences on the explanation of conflict in close relationships0*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology661 Jan9 56-68c(!What is the role of mood in the way people explain interpersonal conflicts in their close relationships? On the basis of the multiprocess Affect Infusion Model (AIM) of judgments (J. P. Forgas, 1992, in press), 3 experiments, with a total of 306 Ss, found a nonobvious pattern of greater mood effects on attributions for serious rather than simple conflicts. In Exp 1, sad Ss blamed themselves more for conflicts than did happy Ss. Exp 2 found that in a field setting, sad persons attributed real-life conflicts more to internal, stable, and global causes and did so more for serious than for simple conflicts. Exp 3 replicated these findings in the laboratory and also produced reaction time (RT) data showing that it was the longer processing recruited by more serious conflicts that accentuated these affect-priming effects, as predicted by the AIM. The cognitive mechanisms linking affect and judgments are discussed, and the role of moods in everyday explanations of conflict is considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Attribution *Conflict *Happiness *Intimacy *Sadness Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).PIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1994Forgas, Joseph P.ajdOn feeling good and getting your way: Mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies0*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology743  MarJ565-577NAre happy people more likely to be cooperative and successful negotiators? On the basis of the Affect Infusion Model (AIM; Forgas, 1995a), Experiment 1 predicted and found that both good and bad moods had a significant mood-congruent effect on people's thoughts and plans, and on their negotiation strategies and outcomes in both interpersonal and intergroup bargaining. Experiment 2 replicated these results and also showed that mood effects were reduced for persons more likely to adopt motivated processing strategies (scoring high on machiavellianism and need for approval). Experiment 3 confirmed these effects and demonstrated that the mood of the opposition also produced more mood-congruent bargaining strategies and outcomes. The results are discussed in terms of affect priming influences on interpersonal behaviors, and the implications of these findings for reallife cognitive tasks and bargaining encounters are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).*Bargaining *Cognitive Processes *Emotional States *Negotiation Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).PIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1998B-!}YH0E{b~/4K-BC,*& $>!LWMAGH^aj]iB A~:8ztuq+0jvwIroal"bRvBG]"! y7p\ 6L<e9Ck_ZQ%;ew"&|>oWTOl[/-FhcxQN0a98 D:A;QScD#'ULKF.zf    qd)_TPXn kNKVm\xM 5U"=V|nc2'g#3h**,$;3 (:?;AilD<'BC,KM,fhdi/ysNM @OP?v<GZ0S Wuq "Glick, Peter Fiske, Susan T.^XSexism and other "isms": Independence, status, and the ambivalent content of stereotypesSwann, William B Jr (Ed); Langlois, Judith H (Ed); et al (1999) Sexism and stereotypes in modern society: The gender science of Janet Taylor Spence (pp 193-221) xii, 324ppgjc(from the chapter) The questions the authors address in this chapter can be traced over two decades of work by J. T. Spence and her colleagues. More than any other single researcher, Spence has sought to establish the content of beliefs about women, to determine whether these beliefs are merely descriptions of women or prescriptions for how women ought to be, and to document what has changed and what has remained the same in attitudes toward women across decades of social turmoil in male-female relations. This article addresses the issue of whether gender stereotypes are purely descriptive expectations or prescriptions that are enforced through punishment when they are violated. Implicit in the question is the notion that "feminine" women are seen as very likable but as less competent than men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).VP*Sexism *Stereotyped Attitudes Sex Roles & Women's Issues [2970]. Human. Female.English  1999N*#Neale, Margaret A. Bazerman, Max H.2 1985b\The effect of externally set goals on reaching integrative agreements in competitive markets(!Journal of Occupational Behaviour61 19-32 Jan*Goals *Marketing *Negotiation Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Marketing & Advertising [3940]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).158 undergraduates assigned to 1 of 4 levels of goal difficulty--no goal, compromise goal, challenging goal, and difficult goal--participated in a competitive, multiperson-multitransaction market simulation to identify the effects of different levels of aspiration/goals on Ss' success and their ability to reach integrative solutions in a competitive market. Results indicate that challenging and difficult goals significantly enhanced Ss' performance. The more difficult the goal, the fewer transactions were completed. While there were no differences in total profitability among the challenging goal, compromise goal, and no goal, the difficult goal condition had a significant and negative effect on Ss' ability to achieve the profitable outcomes within the market. Findings provide further support for the notion that situational constraints of the negotiation interaction are important considerations in the acquisition of an integrative solution. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).nrkSpecial issue: Negotiating in Organizations John Wiley & Sons, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englisht^Xhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0142-2774%28198501%296%3A1%3C19%3ATEOESG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7*#Neale, Margaret A. Bazerman, Max H.a^WPerspectives for understanding negotiation: Viewing negotiation as a judgmental process$Journal of Conflict Resolution291 Mar 33-55HBBargaining and negotiation research may be divided into 4 common perspectives: economic models, structural effects, personality differences in negotiators, and behavioral systems approaches. These approaches, however, do not explain the failure of negotiators to reach mutually beneficial agreements. To complement the existing literature, a 5th framework is proposed in which negotiation is viewed as a decision-making process. This framework helps to explain negotiators' failure to reach such agreements. (79 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).f`*Bargaining *Conflict Resolution *Decision Making Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human.4.Sage Publications, US Journal Article. English 1985zy^H]_l& Nosek, Brian Banaji, Mahzarin R. 2000HBMeasuring Implicit Social Cognition: The Go/No-Go Association Task(working paper)f10-27-00*#Nosek, Brian A. Banaji, Mahzarin R.i$The Go/No-go Association TaskSocial Cognition196w Deco625-666A("Presents a technique--the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT)--that joins a family of existing techniques for measuring implicit social cognition with a focus on attitude (evaluation). By implementing a response deadline in the procedure, this version of the GNAT trades off response latency for sensitivity as the dependent variable measure. Five experiments using simple attitude objects (bugs and fruit) were used to illustrate this technique. In Experiment 6, the GNAT was used to investigate attitudes toward race (black and white) and gender (male and female). To explore the theoretical leverage offered by the GNAT, Experiment 6 tested the question of automatic in-group favoritism vs out-group derogation among 50 undergraduates. Results demonstrate the dual presence of both out-group derogation and in-group favoritism, a finding that emerges because the GNAT offers the potential for separable measures of attitude toward the 2 groups. Through these experiments, the GNAT is shown to be an effective tool for assessing automatic preferences as well as for resolving questions that require measures of individual attitude objects, while maintaining the advantages of response competition tasks. Text stimuli used in experiments 1-6 is appended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Attitude Measures *Attitudes *Social Cognition Ingroup Outgroup Racial and Ethnic Attitudes Sex Role Attitudes Personality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).rJCGuilford Publications, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englishm 2001@9Nosek, Brian A. Banaji, Mahzarin R. Greenwald, Anthony G.b[E-research: Ethics, security, design, and control in psychological research on the InternetJournal of Social Issues581O Spr.161-176mDifferences between traditional laboratory research and Internet-based research require a review of basic issues of research methodology. These differences have implications for research ethics (e.g., absence of researcher, potential exposure of confidential data and/or identity to a third party, guaranteed debriefing) and security (e.g., confidentiality and anonymity, security of data transmission, security of data storage, and tracking participants over time). The authors also review basic design issues a researcher should consider before implementing an Internet study, including the problem of participant self-selection and loss of experimental control on the Internet laboratory. An additional challenge for Internet-based research is the increased opportunity for participant misbehavior intentional or otherwise. The authors discuss methods to detect and minimize these threats to the validity of Internet based research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).A*Computer Applications *Experimental Design *Experimental Ethics *Internet Research Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Professional Ethics & Standards & Liability [3450].a81Blackwell Publishers, US Journal Article. Englisha 2002@9Nosek, Brian A. Banaji, Mahzarin R. Greenwald, Anthony G.e 2002TMHarvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web sitee2,Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, & Practice6j1j101-115 MarjD>*Age Differences *Internet *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes *Sex Role Attitudes *Stereotyped Attitudes Blacks Social Groups Whites Communication Systems [2700]. Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs). Thirties (30-39 yrs). Middle Age (40-64 yrs).Respondents at an Internet site completed over 600,000 tasks between October 1998 and April 2000 measuring attitudes toward and stereotypes of social groups. Their responses demonstrated, on average, implicit preference for White over Black and young over old and stereotypic: associations linking male terms with science and career and female terms with liberal arts and family. The main purpose was to provide a demonstration site at which respondents could experience their implicit attitudes and stereotypes toward social groups. Nevertheless, the data collected are rich in information regarding the operation of attitudes and stereotypes, most notably the strength of implicit attitudes, the association and dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes, and the effects of group membership on attitudes and stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).rkAmerican Psychological Assn/Educational Publishing Foundation, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englisho*#Nosek, Brian A. Banaji, Mahzarin R. 2002^X(At least) Two factors moderate the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes Ohme, R. K. Jarymowicz, M.Natura Automatyzmow+ Warszawa WIP PAN & SWPS 49-56 Brian Nosek 2002 Falll82Implicit Social Cognition (Psyc 584, UVA) Syllabus Nosek file*$implicit, social cognition, syllabus ^ ] *v&Dijksterhuis, Ap Bargh, John A.p'F@U Nijmegan, Dept of Social Psychology, Nijmegan, Netherlands, 1.d]The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior(f`Zanna, Mark P (Ed) (2001) Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol 33 (pp 1-40) ix, 325pp(from the chapter) In this chapter, the authors argue that the tendency to imitate is the consequence of the way we are--or, rather our brains--are shaped. They argue that social perception, defined here as the activation of a perceptual representation, has a direct effect on social behavior. Perceptual inputs are translated automatically into corresponding behavioral outputs. As a result, we often do what we see others doing. The authors also discuss the relation between perception and behavior, the direct effect of perception on behavior, social perception eliciting corresponding behavior, and mediators of the perception-behavior link. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).\U*Behavior *Simulation *Social Perception Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.English 2001:3Dijksterhuis, Ap Spears, Russell Lepinasse, VincentvoReflecting and deflecting stereotypes: Assimilation and contrast in impression formation and automatic behaviori0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologya374h Jul,286-299pHAFactors influencing the tendency to represent a social stimulus primarily in stereotypic terms, or more as a distinct exemplar, were predicted to moderate automatic behavior effects, producing assimilation and contrast respectively. In Exp 1, the authors demonstrated that when an impression pertained to a group of elderly people it led to behavioral assimilation to the stereotype (i.e., slower response latencies) and to contrast when identical information pertained to an individual exemplar. In Exp 2, an impression of a single individual led to behavioral contrast under normal circumstances but to behavioral assimilation under cognitive load. Exp 3 demonstrated that while a group impression led to assimilation under normal conditions, this effect was eliminated under conditions of accuracy motivation. Conditions that fostered assimilation were characterized by more stereotypical impressions of the stimulus target(s) compared to conditions that fostered contrast. Implications for automatic behavior are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Impression Formation *Social Behavior *Stereotyped Attitudes Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).BYVYYLYYYYLYObl_l_oaaaaoorrZoaCIIzIIIzwz% v vOvvvjj(x))ddd!qqq{tmt @,&Banaji, Mahzarin R. Kihlstrom, John F.6/The ordinary nature of alien abduction memoriesPsychological Inquiry72132-135Comments on the article by L. S. Newman and R. F. Baumeister (see record 199603869-001) concerning cognitive and motivational processes that might cause people to believe that they have been abducted by aliens. On the cognitive side, Newman and Baumeister focus on the reconstructive nature of memory and on the liabilities of refreshing memory by means of hypnosis. M. R. Banaji and J. F. Kihlstrom generally concur with their analysis. On the motivational side, much more supportive evidence is needed for Newman and Baumeister's attribution of the masochistic nature of contemporary UFO abduction narratives to a desire to escape ordinary self-awareness. An alternative cognitive-motivational hypothesis that focuses on people's need to explain anomalous personal experiences is suggested (i.e., abduction memories are delusions). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Autobiographical Memory *Fantasy (Defense Mechanism) *Hypnosis *Kidnapping *Masochism Personality Traits & Processes [3120]. Human.<6Lawrence Erlbaum, US Comment. Journal Article. English 1996:4Banaji, Mahzarin R. Blair, Irene V. Schwarz, Norbert'81Yale U, Dept of Psychology, New Haven, CT, US, 1. ,&Implicit memory and survey measurementSchwarz, Norbert (Ed); Sudman, Seymour (Ed) (1996) Answering questions: Methodology for determining cognitive and communicative processes in survey research (pp 347-372) xi, 469ppc(from the chapter) present a selective review of relevant research on implicit processes in memory and judgment [in survey measurement] / provides a review of significant findings from research on implicit memory / focus on the observation that implicit measures of memory appear to be sensitive to the modality of presentation and the physical or structural properties of information / turn to implicit memory for semantic information / here, the question of interest is how knowledge that has been acquired over longer periods of time in the form of particular beliefs and attitudes can be activated and influence judgment without the involvement of conscious awareness or intent / address the role of phenomenal experiences in memory and judgment, drawing attention to a range of phenomena that has been largely neglected in discussions of survey measurement (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).|v*Judgment *Memory *Surveys Measurement Research Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Learning & Memory [2343]. Human.English 199660Banaji, Mahzarin R. Blair, Irene V. Glaser, Jack'.(Yale U(New Haven), New Haven, CT, US, 1.,&Environments and unconscious processes*$Advances in social cognition, Vol 10Wyer, Robert S Jr (Ed) (1997) The automaticity of everyday life: Advances in social cognition, Vol 10 Advances in social cognition, Vol 10 (pp 63-74) viii, 258ppn (from the chapter) in his chapter, J. A. Bargh describes extensive programs of research on automatic social processes, which when viewed as a collection, offer an impressive view of how these processes operate in everyday social life / the authors' assert that their position is compatible with the one advocated by Bargh, and they reaffirm and add to selected issues / their main concern lies with the need for theories of the meaning and properties of transient and persisting environments and how they produce their influence on social processes (cognitive, evaluative, and behavioral) / conclude that the research on unconscious social processes reviewed by Bargh not only provides new evidence about social perception, but also addresses deeper questions about human nature / in the authors' view, this research favors a new environmental determinism in understanding the causes of social behavior--one that is necessarily informed by several decades of research on social cognition (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Environment *Evaluation *Social Behavior *Social Cognition *Unconscious (Personality Factor) Automatism Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.sComment. English 1997&Banaji, Mahzarin R. Bhaskar, R.u 2000PJImplicit stereotypes and memory: The bounded rationality of social beliefs ("Schacter, Daniel L. Scarry, Elaine Memory, brain, and belief  Cambridge Harvard University Press139-175\U*Attitudes *Memory *Prejudice *Stereotyped Attitudes Learning & Memory [2343]. Human.b\(from the chapter) The chapter focuses on belief and memory in experimental social psychology and stereotyping. Together the properties of ordinariness and implicitness raise questions about how the limits on human thought and preferences diminish the rationality of stereotyped beliefs and prejudicial judgments. The authors purpose is to emphasize that cognitive acts are social acts and inherently have moral dimensions.The authors present experimental evidence to help deconstruct an opposing view of stereotyping as correct and rational. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).English '81Yale U, Dept of Psychology, New Haven, CT, US, 1.~2 Camerer, Colin F.e 2000:4Prospect theory in the wild: Evidence from the field $Kahneman, Daniel Tversky, Amos"Choices, values, and framesd New York Russell Sage FoundationCamerer, Colin F.aBh<6Fazio, Russell H. Powell, Martha C. Williams, Carol J.LFThe role of attitude accessibility in the attitude-to-behavior process"Journal of Consumer Research163 Dect280-288rtnAssessed the generality of a model by R. H. Fazio et al (see record 1983-32702-001) of the process by which attitudes guide behavior to a consumer behavior domain. The relation between attitudes toward specific products and product-selection behavior was studied in 101 Ss. Ss completed a computerized task and questionnaires and selected 5 of 10 products to take home with them. Attitude accessibility exerted a moderating effect on the attitude-behavior relation postulated by the model. More accessible attitudes were more predictive of subsequent behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).~w*Consumer Attitudes *Consumer Behavior *Models Consumer Attitudes & Behavior [3920]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).rJCUniv of Chicago Press, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englishi 1989Fazio, Russell H.'Indiana U, IN, US, 1.VOOn the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibilityHBThe third Ohio State University volume on attitudes and persuasionPratkanis, Anthony R (Ed); Breckler, Steven J (Ed); et al (1989) Attitude structure and function The third Ohio State University volume on attitudes and persuasion (pp 153-179) xiv, 462pp  (from the chapter) the essence of the thesis to be presented in this chapter is that the optimistic and the pessimistic views of the power of attitudes each have some validity, but they do so for different kinds of attitudes conceputalizing attitudes and attitude accessibility / model of attitudes as object-evaluation associations / attitude-nonattitude continuum accessible attitudes guide information processing / accessible attitudes guide behavior (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).s*Attitudes *Personality Traits *Power Cognitive Processes Models Optimism Pessimism Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.Englishe 1989Fazio, Russell H.'4.Indiana U, Professor of Psychology, IN, US, 1.XQA practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychological research:3Review of personality and social psychology, Vol 11tHendrick, Clyde (Ed); Clark, Margaret S (Ed) (1990) Research methods in personality and social psychology Review of personality and social psychology, Vol 11 (pp 74-97) 351pp4.(from the chapter) discusses a variety of design and procedural issues that one needs to be aware of when using response latency / reducing the noise in latency data / number of response options / the speed-accuracy trade-off / differential responses across conditions considers issues involved in the analysis of latency data / skewness of latency data / differential responses / using filler latencies / using latencies to identify position along a continuum considers the general issue of interpreting latency data and provides illustrations of some conceptual matters that can be addressed with such data / spontaneous formation of a construct / latency as a measure of processing efficiency / latency as a measure of associative strength in memory (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Experimental Methods *Response Latency *Social Psychology Experimental Design Statistical Analysis Social Psychology [3000]. Human.EnglishA 1990Fazio, Russell 1990haMultiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative frameworkl  Zanna, M.P.i0*Advances in Experimental Social Psychology New York Academic Press23 75-10981Fazio, Russell H. Herr, Paul M. Powell, Martha C.f`On the development and strength of category)rand associations in memory: The case of mystery ads$Journal of Consumer Psychology11n 1-13 228 Ss participated in an experiment that examined the influence of mystery ads (i.e., those in which the brand is not identified until the end of the ad) on memory structure for the brand. Mystery ads were more effective in building associations in memory between the product category and the brand than identical ads in which the brand was identified early in the ad. Mystery ads were most effective for novel brands with which viewers were unfamiliar. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).}*Advertising *Brand Names *Consumer Behavior *Memory Consumer Attitudes & Behavior [3920]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).eD>Lawrence Erlbaum, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1992 *#Lorraine Chen Idson E. Tory Higgins 2000xrHow Current Feedback and Chronic Effectiveness Influence Motivation: Everything to Gain versus Everything to Lose,%European Journal of Social Psychology3048583-592-y %X}zP6/Fiske, Susan T. Morling, Beth Stevens, Laura E.ZTControlling self and others: A theory of anxiety, mental control, and social control.(Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin222l Febu115-123tDiscusses the impact of social structure on basic human motivations and anxiety. When situations threaten the ability to meet basic human needs, people become anxious and attempt to restore control. Social structures of power threaten people's control over meeting basic needs for competence, self-esteem, and a benevolent world. Depending on the need under threat, people may cope with their anxiety in different ways. People who are anxious because of social powerlessness may attempt to restore control by social cognitive processes; trait-anxious people may attempt to restore control by their impression formation strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).pj*Anxiety *Coping Behavior *Social Control *Social Structure Social Structure & Organization [2910]. Human.4.Sage Publications, US Journal Article. English 1996.(Fiske, Susan T. Leyens, Jacques-Philippe'*$U Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, US, 1.B>>oWOOO///---hccxxxxxN8    SSScccD###ULLKFF. & M.tmAttitudinal and behavioral consequences of changing a major organizational reward: A natural field experimenttlfJournal of Personality & Social Psychology Vol 29(6) Jun 1974, 742-751 American Psychological Assn, USTested J. G. March and H. A. Simon's 1958 inducements-contributions theory and L. Festinger'("Stapel, Diederik A. Koomen, Willem`ZThe impact of interpretation versus comparison mindsets on knowledge accessibility effects0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologyo372  Marn134-149tMany models of social judgment assert that both the interpretation of a perceived target stimulus and the comparison of this stimulus to a relevant standard are important components of the impression formation process. The present research examines the consequences of the activation of mindsets corresponding to these components for the use and impact of accessible knowledge on subsequent judgments. The findings of three studies support the hypothesis that accessible knowledge is more likely to produce assimilative interpretation effects when an interpretation goal is activated, whereas contrastive comparison effects occur when a comparison goal is activated. These goal * knowledge priming effects occurred without perceivers being aware of having or working toward these mindsets during the target task. Implications for models of knowledge accessibility effects and other social phenomena are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).*Associative Processes *Impression Formation *Judgment *Priming Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).B8American Psychological Assn, US Journal Article. English 1975 Dr0-Medical Treatment of Physical Illness [3363].member expertise Memory0+memory for own- vs other-race faces, humans mental health mental models`[mental models & ethics & sacredness & medium of communication & other issues in negotiationmental models, methodsTOmental models, methods, population growth, environment, electronic forum method mental models, negotiation<9mental models, negotiation, Pathfinder algorithm, methods Mentor Messages Meta Analysis Metaphor Methodology methodsMiddle Level ManagersMind mindfulness minorityMinority Groups miswantingmodel of engagement Models moderatormonetary rewardsMoney MonitoringMonozygotic TwinsMoral Development Mothers Motivation Motivation & Emotion [2360]. motiveMotor Processes [2330].Mueller Lyer IllusionhbMultiattribute Utility, Preference Assessment, Preference Reversals, Prominence Effect, Task GoalsMulticultural Educationmultiparty negotiationmultiple roles Naming Nationalismd_need for minimal cues in presentation of computer personality & user response, college studentsNeeds Negativism negotiation,)Negotiation, Bargaining, Research, TheoryNeural Networks [4160].Neurophysiology(#Neuropsychology & Neurology [2520].PJneuroscience, social cognition, implicit attitudes, stereotypes, IAT, race($Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders [3215].No terms assigned nonconsciousNontraditional EducationNonverbal Communication Nurses Obesity ObjectivityObservation Methods0,OBSERVATION, OF GAME, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Observers ObsessionsXROccupational & Employment Testing [2228]. Management & Management Training [3640].\XOccupational & Employment Testing [2228]. Personnel Attitudes & Job Satisfaction [3650].\XOccupational & Employment Testing [2228]. Personnel Evaluation & Job Performance [3630].`]Occupational & Employment Testing [2228]. Personnel Management & Selection & Training [3620].Occupational Choice,)Occupational Interests & Guidance [3610]. Occupations opinionopinion solicitation Optimism optimizationOral Contraceptives organization, social theoryOrganizational Behavior$Organizational Behavior [3660].TPOrganizational Behavior [3660]. Behavior Disorders & Antisocial Behavior [3230].LGOrganizational Behavior [3660]. Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020].Organizational ChangeOrganizational ClimateOrganizational Commitment Organizational Development Organizational EffectivenessOrganizational MergerOrganizational Structure OrganizationsParental Attitudes ParticipationPeer EvaluationPeershbpeople's social responses & application of social rules & expectations to computers & mindlessness Perception0+PERCEPTION, OF GAIN, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESXTperceptions of & coping strategies for personal discrimination, female 18-37 yr oldsPerceptual Measures Performance Perpetrators Persistenceperson perceptionPJpersonal philosophies of human nature, decision making processes, managers PersonalityPersonality CorrelatesPersonality DevelopmentPersonality Measures$Personality Psychology [3100].,(Personality Scales & Inventories [2223].HDPersonality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Cognitive Processes [2340].HDPersonality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Culture & Ethnology [2930].PMPersonality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Drug & Alcohol Usage (Legal) [2990].TPPersonality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020].LGPersonality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Personality Psychology [3100]., Sean C. Greenwald, Anthony G. Banaji, Mahzarin R.evoModeling unconscious gender bias in fame judgments: Finding the proper branch of the correct (multinomial) tree RKDovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L. Esses, Victoria M. Brewer, Marilynn B.h'Colgate U, Dept of Psychology, Hamilton, NY, US, 1 U Delaware, Dept of Psychology, Newark, DE, US, 2 U Western Ontario, Dept of Psychology, London, ON, Canada, 3 Ohio State U, Dept of Psychology, Columbus, OH, US, 4.0)Social conflict, harmony, and integrationo ("Millon, Theodore Lerner, Melvin J. 2003F@Handbook of psychology: Personality and social psychology, Vol 5485-506.  New York, NY John Wiley & Sons, Inc(from the chapter) This chapter examines psychological perspectives on intergroup relations and their implications for reducing bias and conflict and for enhancing social integration. First, the authors review social psychological theories on the nature of individual and collective identities and their relation to social harmony and conflict. Then, the authors examine theoretical perspectives on reducing intergroup bias and promoting social harmony. Next, the authors explore the importance of considering majority and minority perspectives on intergroup relations, social conflict, and integration. The chapter concludes by considering future directions and practical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).*Conflict *Intergroup Dynamics *Psychological Theories *Social Integration Self Concept Social Identity Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human.xix, 668p English0:4Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L. Kawakami, Kerry<5Intergroup contact: The past, present, and the future,&Group Processes & Intergroup Relations61 Jan 5-20The Contact Hypothesis has long been considered one of psychology's most effective strategies for improving intergroup relations. This article reviews the history of the development of the Contact Hypothesis, and then examines recent developments in this area. Specifically, the authors consider the conditions that are required for successful contact to occur (e.g. cooperation), investigate basic psychological processes that may mediate the consequent reductions in bias (e.g. decreased intergroup anxiety, increased common group representations), and explore factors that can facilitate the generalization of the benefits of intergroup contact in terms of more positive attitudes toward the outgroup as a whole (e.g. increased group salience). The article concludes by outlining the contents of the contributions to this Special Issue on Intergroup Contact (2003, Vol 6[1]), highlighting common themes, and identifying findings that suggest directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).nh*Intergroup Dynamics *Interpersonal Interaction *Theories Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human.4.Sage Publications, US Journal Article. English 2003/.t1dNGWegner, Daniel M. Schneider, David J. Knutson, Brian McMahon, Sharon R.hbPolluting the stream of consciousness: The effect of thought suppression on the mind's environment"Cognitive Therapy & Research152 Apr 141-152h}Examined whether environmental factors used as distracters in suppressing a thought later become reminders of the unwanted thought when suppression is discontinued, and so incline the individual who remains in the suppression environment to experience a rebound of preoccupation with the unwanted thought. 47 undergraduates thought aloud and signalled with a bell ring any thoughts of white bears. They were directed either to think or not to think of white bears in one context (a slide show). When they were then invited to think about white bears in a different slide-show context, no appreciable rebound of white bear thoughts was found in Ss who had initially suppressed. However, when they were issued the same invitation on return to the initial context, those who had initially suppressed showed a rebound of preoccupation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).~x*Cognitions *Distraction *Suppression (Defense Mechanism) Cognitive Processes [2340]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).VOKluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1991Wegner, Daniel M.'TMDepartment of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, US, 1.\VYou can't always think what you want: Problems in the suppression of unwanted thoughts Zanna, Mark P. 199282Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol 25193-225.  San Diego, CA. Academic Press(from the chapter) This chapter is about the urge to suppress a thought and the actual task of suppression. A general account of thought suppression is offered that considers the pressures that instigate suppression, the process of suppression, and postsuppression processes and consequences. This account treats thought suppression as one of a class of phenomena of mental control--conscious attempts to control psychological contents and processes--and suggests how though suppression may be involved in the larger enterprise of the self-control of emotion, action, and communication in social life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).jd*Cognitions *Cognitive Processes *Suppression (Defense Mechanism) Cognitive Processes [2340]. Human.ix, 390p English$Wegner, Daniel M. Erber, Ralph4-The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts0*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology636 Dec903-912The accessibility of suppressed thoughts was compared with the accessibility of thoughts on which Ss were consciously trying to concentrate. In Exp 1, Ss made associations to word prompts as they tried to suppress thinking about a target word (e.g., house) or tried to concentrate on that word. Under the cognitive load imposed by time pressure, they gave the target word in response to target-related prompts (e.g., home) more often during suppression than during concentration. In Exp 2, reaction times (RTs) for naming colors of words were found to be greater under conditions of cognitive load when Ss were asked to suppress thinking of the word than under conditions of no cognitive load or when Ss were asked to concentrate on the word. The results support the idea that an automatic search for the suppression target increases the accessibility of the target during suppression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Cognitions *Concentration *Human Information Storage *Suppression (Defense Mechanism) Color Human Channel Capacity Naming Reaction Time Word Associations Words (Phonetic Units) Cognitive Processes [2340]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).PIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1992Wegner, Daniel M.2+The premature demise of the solo experiment.(Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin184 Aug504-508Discusses the potential "costs" of the multiple-experiment paper and the benefits of the solo experiment. Papers reporting multiple studies have become common publication practice. However, they have several costs that may be responsible for unfortunate developments such as a reduction in creativity, a paralysis of scientific interaction, a decline in the integration of the field, an exaggeration of the value of publication, and an emphasis on microcertainty at the expense of examination of broad possibilities. A solo experiment is suggested as a potential solution to these problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).z*Experimentation *Psychology *Scientific Communication Professional Psychological & Health Personnel Issues [3400]. Human.4.Sage Publications, US Journal Article. English 1992T~ f8 e g Steele, Claude M. Steele, Dorothy M. '& Stanford U, Stanford, CA, US, 1.ZSColor blindness as a barrier to inclusion: Assimilation and nonimmigrant minoritiesoShweder, Richard A (Ed); Minow, Martha (Ed); et al (2002) Engaging cultural differences: The multicultural challenge in liberal democraciesr453-472l  New York, NY Russell Sage Foundation (from the create) Examines why American society has been reluctant to see that g(!March, James G. Simon, Herbert A.g 1958 Organizationss New York John Wiley & Sons 262 Social Psychology [3000]..'"This book is carefully organized to set forth the numerous propositions that have been asserted about organizations, and mutual relations of these propositions, and the empirical evidence that is available for testing them. It incorporates recent developments in our understanding of man as a decision-maker of limited rationality, and uses these developments to illuminate such topics as planning, centralization and decentralization, and the nature of innovation." 35-page bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).English March, James G. Olsen, J. 1989F?Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Bias of Politics\ New York  Free Press"March, James G. Shapira, Zur'`ZStanford U, Jack Steele Parker Professor of International Management, Stanford, CA, US, 1.D=Behavioral decision theory and organizational decision theoryrleZey, Mary (Ed) (1992) Decision making: Alternatives to rational choice models (pp 273-303) xiv, 454pp.(from the book) differentiate between individual choice theory and organizational decision-making theory / point out that early work in the area of organizational theory represented decision making in organizations as intentionally rational, and argue that behavioral decision theory and organizational decision making cover different domains with different central concerns--neither is a special case of the other / they are working on related problems with similar ideas discuss five aspects of organizational decision making that show how organizational decisions differ from rational models; (1) the way information is used in organizations, (2) the ways organizations change, (3) the ways disorder is ordered in organizational decision processes, (4) the way preferences are processed, and (5) the way the ritual and symbolic elements of decision making affect decision processes (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Decision Making *Organizational Behavior Information Organizational Change Preferences Symbolism Organizational Behavior [3660]. Human.Reprint. Reprinted from Gerardo R. Ungson and Daniel N. Braunstein (Eds.), "Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary Inquiry," PWS-Kent Publishing Company, 1982, 92-115 English 1992(!March, James G. Simon, Herbert A. 1993 Organizationss Cambridge, Massachusetts Blackwell Businessicit subadditivity). Several studies of probability and frequency judgment demonstrate both implicit and explicit subadditivity. The former is attributed to enhanced availability, whereas the latter is attributed to repacking and anchoring. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).id^*Probability Judgment *Theories Cognitive Processes [2340]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).PIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English  19970 82Strahan, Erin J. Spencer, Steven J. Zanna, Mark P.HASubliminal priming and persuasion: Striking while the iron is hotE0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologyq386 Nov556-568Three studies demonstrated that subliminally priming a goal-relevant cognition (thirst in Studies 1 and 2; sadness in Study 3) influenced behavior (in Study 1; n = 42 male and 39 female undergraduates) and enhanced the persuasiveness of an ad targeting the goal (in Studies 2; n = 11 male and 24 female undergraduates, and 3; n = 49 male and 41 female undergraduates) when people were motivated to pursue the goal (when they were thirsty in Studies 1 and 2; when they expected to interact with another person in Study 3). These results suggest that subliminal priming can be used to enhance persuasion, but only when certain conditions are met. Both the priming of goal-relevant cognitions and the motive to pursue the goal were necessary for ads targeting the goal to be more persuasive. The implications of these results for the role of functionality in subliminal priming and for the use and abuse of subliminal priming in persuasion are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).m*Cognitions *Goals *Persuasive Communication *Priming *Subliminal Stimulation Motivation Sadness Thirst Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).BVH Winston & Son, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 19834.Dovidio, John F. Fishbane, Raina Sibicky, MarkVPPerceptions of people with psychological problems: Effects of seeking counselingPsychological Reports573, Pt 2 Deci 1263-1270rPIExamined the effects of variations in psychological history and academic qualifications on impressions of 175 undergraduates. Ss were led to believe that the applicant had previous psychological problems or had previous psychological problems and sought professional help, or they were given no information about psychological history. Ss also were informed that the person had strong or weak academic credentials or were given no academic data. Applicants with previous psychological problems were rated more favorably when they sought counseling than when they did not. Applicants for whom no psychological problems were indicated were rated most highly overall on security and sociability, whereas applicants who had problems and sought counseling were evaluated most favorably on competence and character. A main effect for academic credentials was also obtained: Ss generally rated applicants with strong credentials the most highly. Findings indicate that people are ambivalent about persons with psychological problems. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).n*Health Care Utilization *Impression Formation *Mental Illness (Attitudes Toward) Academic Aptitude Psychological Disorders [3210]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).JCPsychological Reports, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 19856/Dovidio, John F. Evans, Nancy Tyler, Richard B.JCRacial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychology221  Jann 22-37tInvestigated the nature of contemporary racial stereotypes and their role in social cognition in a priming experiment in which racial categories (Black, White) were presented as primes, and positive and negative Black and White stereotypic words were presented as test stimuli, using 48 White undergraduates. As predicted, primes of Black and White most facilitated response to traits stereotypically attributed to these social groups. There appeared to be important similarities between the information processing of object categories and the representation and use of stereotypes in social categorization. Responses to the positive and negative evaluative words suggested that positive traits were more strongly associated with Whites than with Blacks, and negative characteristics were more strongly associated with Blacks than with Whites. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Blacks *Personality Traits *Racial and Ethnic Differences *Stereotyped Attitudes *Whites Classification (Cognitive Process) Reaction Time Social Perception Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).iB7In my mind, we all smile: A case of in-group favoritism0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologye394o Juls371-377 The goal of the present study was to examine whether a highly valued social behavior the smile-is attributed more frequently to in-group than to out-group members. For this, 387 participants of European descent were asked to read a vignette describing a protagonist in a nonemotional situation, and to choose a facial expression that would be appropriate to the context. For Study 1 the vignette depicted a potentially social context, whereas for Study 2, the context was strictly non-social. In both studies, participants of European descent attributed smiles more often to members of their in-group, whereas they attributed a larger number of neutral faces to out-group members. In a third study the same pattern of attributions was found for recent immigrants from French speaking African countries and-from Asian countries. These results suggest the presence of an in-group bias in the attribution of smiles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).:*Attribution *Cross Cultural Differences *Ingroup Outgroup *Smiles *Social Behavior Cross Cultural Communication Ethnology Immigration Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).AVPElsevier Science, United Kingdom Empirical Study. Peer Reviewed Journal. English 2003LEBecker, Lawrence J. Seligman, Clive Fazio, Russell H. Darley, John M.s2,Relating attitudes to residential energy useEnvironment & Behavior135 Sep590-609PDuring the winter, 207 homeowning couples completed questionnaires about their energy-related attitudes. Results confirm those of prior studies: thermal comfort is the most important determinant of household energy use. It is more important than (a) belief in the reality of the energy crisis and (b) the state of family finances. An analysis of the responses of a 55-couple subsample who had completed attitude questionnaires in both the winter and summer showed that there was some consistency in the attitudinal factors over seasons, and that there was a significant positive correlation between summer and winter energy consumption. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).d*Conservation (Ecological Behavior) *Environmental Attitudes *Seasonal Variations Environmental Issues & Attitudes [4070]. Human.a4.Sage Publications, US Journal Article. English 1981 2+Bell, David E. Raiffa, Howard Tversky, Amos LFDecision making: Descriptive, normative, and prescriptive interactions (1988). x, 623pp.F(from the cover) The analysis of decision making under uncertainty has again become a major focus of interest. This volume presents contributions from leading specialists in different fields and provides a summary and synthesis of work in this area. It is based on a conference held at the Harvard Business School. The book brings together the different approaches to decision making--normative, descriptive, and prescriptive--which largely correspond to different disciplinary interests. Throughout, the aim is to present the current state of research and its application and also show how the different disciplinary approaches can inform one another and thus lay the foundations for the integrated analysis of decision making. The book will be of interest to researchers, teachers--for use as background reading for a decision theory course--students, and consultants and others involved in the practical application of the analysis of decision making. It will be of interest to specialists and students in statistics, mathematics, economics, psychology and the behavioural sciences, operations research, and management science. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).zs*Choice Behavior *Decision Making *Problem Solving Cognitive Processes Reasoning Cognitive Processes [2340]. Human.:4Conference Proceedings/Symposia. References. English 1988Z,4.Zanna, Mark P. Fazio, Russell H. Ross, Michael 1994$The persistence of persuasione (!Schank, Roger C. Langer, Ellen J.8TMBeliefs, reasoning, and decision making: Psycho-logic in honor of Bob Abelson347-362n*Attitude Change *Behavior Change *Persuasive Communication Autobiographical Memory Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human.TN(from the chapter) [discusses whether] attitude change, following a persuasive communication, produces corresponding behavior change / [reviews studies on the persistence of persuasion] is autobiographical recall biased / does autobiographical recall bolster newly formed attitudes / does autobiographical recall increase persistence / does autobiographical recall increase attitude accessibility / does attitude accessibility increase persistence / can attitude accessibility account for variables known to increase persistence (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).82Conference Proceedings/Symposia. English ix, 426pp'*$U Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1.&Zdaniuk, Bozena Levine, John M.HBGroup loyalty: Impact of members' identification and contributions0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologyn376o Novr502-5094This study investigated how members' identification with a group and value (contributions) to it affected their loyalty/disloyalty. 120 Ss participated. Loyalty was defined as helping the group while harming oneself, whereas disloyalty was defined as harming the group while helping oneself. For high contributors, loyalty was manifested by staying in the group and disloyalty was manifested by leaving. For low contributors, loyalty was manifested by leaving the group and disloyalty was manifested by staying. Results indicate that high group identification increased the likelihood that both high and low contributors decided to stay in the group. However, the impact of this decision on other members' welfare influenced how much stress participants experienced and how they evaluated themselves. Discussion focuses on the psychological mechanisms underlying group loyalty and the factors influencing its behavioral manifestations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Group Participation *Loyalty *Social Identity *Values Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).Bg9gG,O&TB"BZ00ZZ"XXNXC8}}}SCwwiK ,CP0yyyy[yyyyyyyyy nBazerman, Max H. 1999Smart money decisionsa  New York, NY John Wiley & Sons, Inc.I6/Bazerman, Max H. Curhan, Jared R. Moore, Don A.r 2000D=The Death and Rebirth of the Social Psychology of Negotiationu Clark, M. Fletcher, G..'Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology  Cambridge, MA  Blackwell196-228 Chapter 8JCBazerman, Max H. Curhan, Jared R. Moore, Don A. Valley, Kathleen L. Negotiation 2000"Annual Review of Psychology51279-314hRLThe first part of this paper traces a short history of the psychological study of negotiation. Although negotiation was an active research topic within social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s, in the 1990s, the behavioral decision perspective dominated. The 1990s has witnessed a rebirth of social factors in the psychological study of negotiation, including social relationships, egocentrism, motivated illusions, emotion. The second part of this paper reviews five emerging research areas, each of which provides useful insight into how negotiators subjectively understand the negotiation: (a) mental models in negotiation; (b) how concerns of ethics, fairness, and values define the rules of the game being played; (c) how the selection of a communication medium impacts the way the game is played; (d) how cross-cultural issues in perception and behavior affect the negotiation game; and (e) how negotiators organize and simplify their understandings of the negotiation game when more than two actors are involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).*Cognitive Processes *Ethics *Interpersonal Communication *Negotiation Bargaining Social Cognition Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. piUsing Smart Source Parsing Annual Reviews, US Literature Review/Research Review. Journal Article. Englisha b a `jf Vermunt, RielVescio, Theresa K. Vidmar, NeilVinicur, Debbie L.Visser, Penny S. Vivian, JamesVlencia, Jose F. Voci, AlbertoVoils, Corrine I.Von Glinow, Mar60Zemore, Sarah E. Fiske, Susan T. Kim, Hyun-Jeong'>8U Massachusetts, Dept of Psychology, Amherst, MA, US, 1.@9Gender stereotypes and the dynamics of social interactionn~wEckes, Thomas (Ed); Trautner, Hanns M (Ed) (2000) The developmental social psychology of gender (pp 207-241) xiv, 470ppwThis chapter argues that it is no coincidence that gender dominates person perception in both childhood and adulthood. Moreover, they argue that children's persistent use of gender rapidly automatizes gender stereotypes, so that, by adulthood, gender stereotyping occurs frequently, effortlessly, and often unconsciously. Although gender stereotypes continue to serve important functions throughout development, their broad and persistent use in adulthood largely stems from their broad and persistent use in earlier stages of development. This chapter explores the forces conditioning gender stereotypes and their use at different stages of development. The first section of the chapter grounds the discussion with a review of stereotype content and an inquiry into its development, highlighting evidence that the core content of gender stereotypes crystallizes well before age 5. Next, the chapter reviews possible determinants of children's acquisition and use of gender stereotypes. The fourth section shows that young children's broad and frequent use of these stereotypes promotes automatization. A final section explores the development of stereotype-control mechanisms and poses questions for further research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Psychosocial Development *Sex Role Attitudes *Stereotyped Attitudes Childhood Development Human Sex Differences Psychosocial & Personality Development [2840]. Human.Englishy 2000 Zeuthan, F. 19300)Problems of Monopoly and Economic Welfarea London  RoutledgesZimbardo, P. G. 1969d]The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order Versus Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaost Arnold, W. J. Levine, D.& Nebraska Symposium on Motivation  Lincoln, NE "University of Nebraska Press237-307 Zucker, L. 1983$Organizations as Institutions  Bacharach, S.30*Research in the Sociology of Organizations  Greenwich, CT  JAI Press 1-47 ^ | Mather, L.Matheson, KimberlyMatoka, KimberlyMatsui, FusakoMatthews, Linda L.Matz, David C.Maule, A. John Maury, RobinMauss, Iris B. May, E. R. May, Jack G. May, K. O.McAlister, Leigh McCall, J. J.McCaskey, Michael B.McClelland, Carol L.McClelland, G. H.McClintock, Charles G.McConahay, John B.McConnell, Allen R.McCusker, ChristopherMcElreath, RichardMcFarland, Sam G.McGarty, Craig McGeehan, P. McGhee, D. E.McGhee, Debbie E.McGill, Ann L.McGinn, Kathleen L.McGinn, Neil C.McGlynn, Elizabeth A.McGoldrick, Charles C.McGowan, StephanieMcGrath, J. E. McGraw, T. McGraw-HillMcGuire, Timothy W.McIntyre, Rusty B.McIsaac, Heather K.McKenna, Katelyn Y. McKersie McKersie, R.McKersie, R. B.McMahan, Susan C.McMahon, Sharon R.McMullen, Matthew N.McNulty, Shawn E. Mead, G. H.Meckling, W. H. Medin, D. Medin, D. L.Medin, Douglas L.Medvec, Victoria HustedMeehl, Paul EverettMehrabian, AlbertMeindl, James R.Meiser, ThorstenMeissner, Christian A.Mellers, Barbara A.Mellott, Deborah S.Mendoza, SaiidMerrens, Matthew R. Merry, S. E.Merton, Robert K.Mertz, ElizabethMessick, D. M.Messick, David M. Messner, C.Messner, Claude Metcalf, H. Metrick, A. Meyer, J. W. Meyer, Lia L. Meyer, M.Meyerowitz, Judith A. Meyers, JayMeyers, Jonathan M. Mick, S.Miedema, Joost Mierke, JanMigdal, Michael J. Miki, Hiromi Mikula, G.Milberg, Sandra J. Milgram, S. Milgrom, P.Miller, Arthur G. Miller, C. E.Miller, Carol T.Miller, Dale T. Miller, Keith Miller, N.Miller, Norman Miller, P. M.Miller, Rowland S.Millon, Theodore Mills, JudsonMills, Theodore M.Milne, Alan B. Miner, J. B. Minsk, Elisa Minsky, M. Minton, J. W.Minton, John W.Mintzberg, HenryMirels, Herbert L.Mirenberg, Matthew C. Mironi, M.Mischel, WalterMitchell, Chris J.Mitchell, D. J. B. Mitchell, F.Mitchell, J. C.Mitchell, J. P.Mitchell, Jason P.Mitchell, Rebekah A.Mitchell, Robert CameronMitroff, S. R.Mladinic, AntonioMnookin, R. H.Mnookin, Robert H. Moag, J. Moag, JosephMoberg, DennisMobius, Markus M. Moffitt, R. Bordone and M. Mokdad, A. H.Molden, Daniel C. Moll, Jasper Moller, J.Monson, Thomas C.Monteith, Margo J.Montgomery, James D.Mook, Douglas G. Moon, YoungmeMoore, Cathleen M. Moore, D. Moore, D. A. Moore, Don A.Moore, Don Andrew Moore, Don.A. Moore, P. Moran, S. Moran, SimoneMoreland, R.L.Morewedge, C. K.Morf, Carolyn C. Morgan, K.Morgan, William R.Morgenstern, Oskar Morley, I. Morling, BethMorris, Kathryn A. Morris, M. W.Morris, Michael W.Morris, Nancy M.Morris, Scott B.Morris, William N. Morrison, T.Morsella, EzequielMortensen, D. T. Moscovici, S.Moser, Paul K.Moskowitz, Gordon B.Motes, Michael A.Mottola, Gary R. Mouton, J. S. Moya, MiguelMucchi-Faina, AngelicaMuecke, DanielMuehlfriedel, ThomasMueller, Jennifer S.Mullainathan, S.Mullainathan, SendhilWeFM6w@K6LA0AVLg Oo$l"d)xx/xTNpB] Gc.22ccmc$-*cnnnoxx||L|6g6lllQ >` B A& Lichtenstein, Sarah Slovic, PaulLFReversals of preference between bids and choices in gambling decisionsB!!!!!!Laaa  vvvvG]y    C99Ckk_report measures of self-esteem; (2) describes how the IAT can provide an indirect measure of self-esteem; (3) discusses how the IAT may be used to further understanding between personal self-esteem and evaluation of social identity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Ingroup Outgroup *Measurement *Self Esteem *Self Report *Statistical Validity Associative Processes Personality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Social Psychology [3000]. Human. Male. Female.English  1999ZB G. W. (1954).The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley. (2) Aronson, E. Banaji, Mahzarin R.'81Yale U, Dept of Psychology, New Haven, CT, US, 1.>7The psychology of gender: A perspective on perspectivesleBeall, Anne E (Ed); Sternberg, Robert J (Ed) (1993) The psychology of gender (pp 251-273) xxiv, 278ppo(from the chapter) focus on the assumptions of theory and method that underlie the contributions to this volume / address (1) the problematic and recurring question of gender difference, (2) the accomplishments of empirically based social and cognitive accounts of gender, (3) the nature of social constructionist, psychoanalytic, and sociobiological approaches to gender, and (4) cross-cultural approaches to understanding the emergence and construction of gender / the perspective adopted here is jointly informed by the century-long American tradition of viewing psychology as a science and by the relatively more recent tradition of American feminist thought (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).RK*Human Sex Differences *Sex Roles Sex Roles & Women's Issues [2970]. Human.English 1993>8Banaji, Mahzarin R. Hardin, Curtis Rothman, Alexander J..(Implicit stereotyping in person judgment0*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology652 Aug272-281iThree experiments demonstrated implicit gender stereotyping. A target's social category determined the use of previously primed stereotyped information, without Ss' awareness of such influence. After unscrambling sentences describing neutral or stereotyped behaviors about dependence or aggression, Ss evaluated a female or male target. Although ratings of female and male targets did not differ after exposure to neutral primes, Ss exposed to dependence primes rated a female target as more dependent than a male target who performed identical behaviors (Exp 1A). Likewise, Ss rated a male, but not a female, target as more aggressive after exposure to aggression primes compared with neutral primes (Exp 1B). Exp 2 replicated the implicit stereotyping effect and additionally showed no relationship between explicit memory for primes and judgment of target's dependence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Attribution *Sex Role Attitudes *Stereotyped Attitudes Priming Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).PIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 19934Greenwald, Anthony G.^WA double stimulation test of ideomotor theory with implications for selective attention<6Journal of Experimental Psychology 84(3) 1970, 392-39890 Ss were offered incentives to respond rapidly to only the visual stimulus in combined visual and auditory digit stimulus presentations. 5 Ss per cell were employed in a 2 * 9 factorial design with 2 modes of response (speaking vs. writing the visual digit) and 9 interstimulus intervals (ranging from auditory 200 msec. before to 200 msec. after visual stimulus). Auditory stimulus content (same digit, different digit, or nothing) was an additional within-Ss variable. In support of the major prediction based on ideomotor theory, the auditory-different-digit condition interfered strongly with spoken responses (slower RTs, more errors), while interfering only very slightly with written responses. The interfering effect of auditory-different-digit on spoken responses was manifest at all interstimulus intervals from auditory 200 msec. before to 100 msec. after the visual digit. This failure of Ss giving spoken responses to screen out conflicting auditory stimuli was regarded as inconsistent with selective attention formulations appealing to information filtering prior to verbal analysis of stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).vo*Attention *Auditory Perception *Perception *Reaction Time *Vision Human Experimental Psychology [2300]. Human.Journal Article. English 1970Greenwald, Anthony G.lfSensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideo-motor mechanismLFPsychological Review 77(2) 1970, 73-99 American Psychological Assn, USReviews 4 interpretations of the manner in which sensory feedback may be involved in regulation of skilled performance. For the serial chaining (SC) and closed-loop (CL) mechanisms, response selection is assumed to occur on the basis of peripheral feedback from preceding correct and incorrect responses, respectively; for the ideo-motor (IM) and fractional anticipatory goal response (rG-sG) mechanisms, it is assumed that a response's performance is directed by anticipatory representation of its own feedback or of feedback from the reaction to a goal to which the response leads, respectively. It is concluded that: (a) evidence for rG-sG as a mechanism for specific response selection, as opposed to generalized facilitation or inhibition of instrumental performance, is lacking; (b) the notion of a mechanism for comparison of actual feedback with images of desired feedback is not essential for explaining error-correction performance which is characteristic of CL; (c) limited available evidence is supportive of a contemporary version of IM; and (d) IM, SC, and CL can be regarded as serving complementary performance control functions. (3 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).le*Feedback *Motor Performance *Perceptual Motor Processes Human Experimental Psychology [2300]. Human./Journal Article. English 1970 Lorraine Chen Columbia U., US, 1.TNRegulatory fit: Effects on strategic choice, motivational intensity, and valueValue from outcomes is the kind of value that decision making research focuses on. This dissertation provides evidence for a new kind of value, one that is derive<6Schmukle, Stefan C. Egloff, Boris Krohne, Heinz WaltertmCross-situational consistent and variable coping modes: A latent analysis of the Mainz Coping Inventory (MCI) Diagnosticac464l199-207d82Analyzed the Angstbewaeltigungs-Inventar (ABI; Mainz Coping Inventory--MCI; Egloff & Krohne, 1998; Krohne & Egloff, 1999) to identify cross-situational consistent and variable modes of coping with fear in a study in Germany. 871 students (448 male, 423 female; mean age 24.95 yrs) were administered the MCI, a theory-based stimulus-response inventory for the assessment of vigilance and avoidance. Using the Latent-Class-Analysis (LCA) method, 3 of the 4 postulated patterns were identified, namely (1) sensitization (high vigilance, low avoidance), (2) repression (high avoidance, low vigilance), and (3) nondefensiveness (low scores on both dimensions). Anxiety (high scores on both dimensions) could not be determined. In the 4-class solution a semiconsistent pattern emerged characterized by high vigilance in ego-threatening situations and high avoidance in physical-threat situations. The 5-class solution yielded a 2nd semiconsistent class with exactly the opposite pattern. Comparisons with traditional group assignment (cross-classification of the dimensions after median split) showed that anxious Ss were over-represented in the semiconsistent classes. Implications of the results for conceptualization and measurement of dispositional coping are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Coping Behavior *Fear *Inventories Personality Scales & Inventories [2223]. Personality Traits & Processes [3120]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs). German . Transsituativ konsistente und variable Bewaeltigungsmodi: Eine Latent-Class-Analyse des Angstbewaeltigungs-Inventars (ABI).. Hogrefe Verlag GmbH und Co KG, Germany Empirical Study. Journal Article. German  2000:4Schmukle, Stefan C. Egloff, Boris Burns, Lawrence R.hbThe relationship between positive and negative affect in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule("Journal of Research in Personality365 Oct463-475f60Notes that the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is one of the most widely used affect scales. Nevertheless, the relation between its two scales, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), is still controversial. Previous results that suggest independence between NA and PA were limited to manifest variables. In this study, the relation between PA and NA for both state and trait instructions was analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. 292 participants (mean age 21.49 yrs) responded to the PANAS at three occasions of measurement. No association was found between trait PA and NA, but significant negative correlations between state PA and NA emerged. In the second step, the observed variance of state PA and NA was decomposed into a dispositional component, an occasion-specific component, a method-specific component, and a component due to measurement error by employing a multi-construct latent state-trait model. This analysis confirmed and extended the results of the first analysis: the dispositional components of state PA and NA were unrelated. In contrast, the situation-specific components were negatively associated. Thus, the negative correlation between state PA and NA could be traced back to situation-specific effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Emotional States *Measurement *Personality Traits Personality Traits & Processes [3120]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).BOn the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologyi335e Sepo510-540 Examined the existence of implicit attitudes of Whites toward Blacks, investigated the relationship between explicit measures of racial prejudice and implicit measures of racial attitudes, and explored the relationship of explicit and implicit attitudes to race-related responses and behavior. Exp 1, which used a priming technique, demonstrated implicit negative racial attitudes (i.e., evaluative associations) among 24 White undergraduates that were largely disassociated from explicit, self-reported racial prejudice. Exp 2 replicated the priming results of Exp 1 using 33 White undergraduates and demonstrated that explicit measures predicted deliberative race-related responses (juridic decisions), whereas implicit measures predicted spontaneous responses (racially primed word completions). Exp 3 extended these findings to interracial interactions using 33 White undergraduates. Self-reported (explicit) racial attitudes primarily predicted the relative evaluations of Black and White interaction partners, whereas the response latency measure of implicit attitude primarily predicted differences in nonverbal behaviors (blinking and visual contact). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).v*Prejudice *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes *Responses *Stereotyped Behavior *Whites Race (Anthropological) Social Cognition Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). BVH Winston & Son, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1997Bt;twhh+DT:EE#EEhUFnWfLm ( N =iS="!!P!P-$KsQ#iBL2PgV##G<K-Ct Curran, J. J. 1987*$Why Investors Make the Wrong ChoicesFortune21987 Investor's Guidef4.Curry, Susan Southwick, Lillian Steele, ClaudeB;Restrained drinking: Risk factor for problems with alcohol?nAddictive Behaviorst121a 73-77PStudied the relationship between drinking restraint (DR) and other drinking-related measures among 233 female and 215 male undergraduates (aged 15-46 yrs). Focus is on styles of social drinking that may be precursors to later problems with alcohol. Ss completed the Alcohol Attitudes Questionnaire (developed for this study), which measured drinking habits, DR, drinking control style, and consequences of drinking. Results indicate that a restrained drinking style is related to more extreme patterns of alcohol consumption, a higher proportion of drinking occasions that result in intoxication, more external styles of alcohol consumption, and more alcohol-related negative consequences. These findings encourage the continued study of DR as a risk factor for developing problems with alcohol. The Drinking Restraint Scale constructed from 7 of the 10 original questionnaire items pertaining to DR serves as a reliable measure of DR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).i*Alcohol Abuse *Alcohol Drinking Patterns *At Risk Populations Behavior Disorders & Antisocial Behavior [3230]. Substance Abuse & Addiction [3233]. Human. Adolescence (13-17 yrs). Adulthood (18 yrs & older). HBElsevier Science Inc, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1987>8Cury, F. Elliot, A. Sarrazin, P. Da Fonseca, D. Rufo, M.jcThe trichotomous achievement goal model and intrinsic motivation: A sequential mediational analysisc0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychology385 Sepc473-481lThis experiment was designed to extend the research by A. Elliot and J. Harackiewicz (1996) on the trichotomous achievement goal model. It was hypothesized that performance-avoidance goals would lead to low competence valuation and state anxiety, prior to task engagement, and that this divestment from competence and apprehension about evaluation would disrupt absorption in the task during engagement, which, in turn, would undermine intrinsic motivation for the task. In contrast, both performance-approach and mastery goals were predicted to facilitate competence valuation and mitigate state anxiety. Results indicated that performance-avoidance goals undermined intrinsic motivation relative to performance-approach and mastery goals; the latter goals evidenced the same intrinsic motivation. These results were obtained using highly evaluative performance goal manipulations, with early adolescent participants (aged 13-15 yrs), and for a motor task relevant to physical ability. Sequential mediational analyses revealed that competence valuation, state anxiety, and task absorption processes accounted for the observed effects. Perceived competence served neither mediating nor moderating roles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Achievement Motivation *Competence *Goals *Intrinsic Motivation *Performance Anxiety Psychosocial & Personality Development [2840]. Human. Male. Female. Adolescence (13-17 yrs).B%-98; NV     v,,,CCCCCCCCTTSSSS'ttt===66666UUUUUUU888N*Ft9">7Bazerman, Max H. Loewenstein, George F. White, Sally B.n 1992pjReversals of preference in allocation decisions: Judging an alternative versus choosing among alternatives& Administrative Science Quarterly37jd2, Special Issue: Process and Outcome: Perspectives on the Distribution of Rewards in Organizations.220-240 Jun*Decision Making *Equity (Payment) *Preferences *Salaries Management Personnel Personnel Management & Selection & Training [3620]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).81Examined the role of interpersonal comparisons on decision making in organizational allocation contexts. It is argued that the importance that people place on interpersonal comparison of payoffs and adherence to perceived distributive justice norms within these contexts depends, in part, on how information about any relative inequities is presented. Two studies with 197 graduate students and 104 accounting managers provide evidence that individuals' preferences regarding the trade-off between maximizing personal payoffs and maintaining norms of distributive equality (e.g., the outcome of $600 for self/$800 for other vs $500 for self/$500 for other) can reverse, depending on whether potential outcomes are evaluated sequentially or simultaneously. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).TNAdministrative Science Quarterly, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. EnglishBazerman, Max H. 19924.Fairness, Social Comparison, and Irrationality Murnighan, J. K.4.Handbook of Social Psychology of Organizations  Prentice-Halle184-203i Chapter 9i<6Bazerman, Max H. Lowenstein, George F. White, Sally B. 1992hbPsychological Determinants of Utility in Competitive Contexts: The impact of elicitation procedure& Administrative Science Quarterly37220-240*#Bazerman, Max H. Neale, Margaret A. 1992Negotiating Rationally  New York, NY  Free PressXRBazerman, Max H. Scroth, Holly Pradan, P. Diekmann, Kristina A. Tenbrunsel, Ann E. 1992zInconsistent Preferences in Job Acceptance: The Role of Social Comparison Processes and Procedural Justice (working paper)("Dispute Resolution Research Center Northwestern Universitydhan Diekmann, Kristina A. et al.,The inconsistent role of comparison others and procedural justice in reactions to hypothetical job descriptions: Implications for job acceptance decisions82Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes603f Decw326-352pWhen individuals have a single job offer, they use the salaries of comparison others and procedural justice information concerning the job to interpret the worth of that offer. Multiple offers allow for easy comparison of personal outcomes across offers and less on comparison others and procedural justice information. This article explored systematic inconsistency in the impact of social information on reactions to hypothetical job descriptions. Study 1 examined the relative importance of absolute vs relative salary (difference in salary from comparison others) in hypothetical job choices. Ss were 123 MBA students. 121 MBA students participated in Study 2, which investigated the relative importance of absolute salary vs procedural justice in hypothetical job choices. Ss exhibited greater concern for relative salary and for procedural justice when evaluating single job offers than when evaluating multiple job offers simultaneously. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Justice *Occupational Choice *Salaries *Social Comparison Decision Making Occupational Interests & Guidance [3610]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).B8Nijstad, Bernard A. Stroebe, Wolfgang Lodewijkx, Hein F.'Mdd]Cognitive stimulation and interference in groups: Exposure effects in an idea generation taske0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychology386n Nov 535-544oThe effects of idea sharing on cognitive processes and performance were assessed in an idea exposure paradigm. 63 participants generated ideas while being exposed to stimulus ideas that were semantically homogeneous or diverse, and were offered in an organized or a random sequence. As compared to a control condition, participants generated more diverse ideas when exposed to ideas from a wide range of semantic categories, and they generated more ideas per category when exposed to many ideas from only a few categories. The semantic organization of ideas was higher when participants were exposed to ideas that were organized in semantic clusters than when participants were exposed to unorganized ideas. Idea exposure had positive effects in general, because it reduced response latencies for category changes. Implications for information processing in groups are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).e*Cognitive Processes *Generation Effect (Learning) *Group Dynamics *Interference (Learning) *Semantics Concept Formation Stimulation Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).B7On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The third waveJournal of Social Issues574 Win829-849RKExamines how social and historical developments have influenced the intellectual climate surrounding the study of prejudice and illustrates how these advances are reflected in the study of one type of racial bias, aversive racism. Three waves of research are identified. In the first wave, prejudice was assumed to reflect psychopathology. In the second, it was viewed as rooted in normal processes. The third wave emphasizes the multidimensional aspect of prejudice and takes advantage of new technologies to study processes that were earlier hypothesized but not directly measurable. Research on aversive racism is presented to demonstrate the transition of research across the second and third waves and to show how unconscious biases can significantly influence race relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).r*Development *Prejudice *Racial and Ethnic Relations *Racism *Social Change Cognitive Processes Experimentation History Stereotyped Attitudes Culture & Ethnology [2930]. Human.Blackwell Publishers, US Conference Proceedings/Symposia. Literature Review/Research Review. This article is based on the SPSSI Presidential Address presented at the aforementioned conference Journal Article. English 2001<6Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L. Bachman, Betty A.'&Colgate U, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.hXQRacial bias in organizations: The role of group processes in its causes and curesApplied social researchxqTurner, Marlene E (Ed) (2001) Groups at work: Theory and research Applied social research (pp 415-444) xiv, 552ppo6/(from the chapter) This chapter examines one factor that contributes to racial bias in the workplace. The authors propose that, whereas the civil rights legislation of the 1960s has been substantially successful at addressing "old-fashioned," overt forms of racism, a contemporary form of racism--aversive racism--has evolved that is more subtle but that may be as insidious as the traditional form. The authors consider the nature of contemporary racial attitudes among Whites, exploring evidence of subtle bias. Then the authors illustrate how understanding the dynamics of subtle bias, and particularly the group processes involved, can help to guide the development of organizational, interpersonal, and intergroup strategies to eliminate this bias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).rjc*Organizational Climate *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes *Racism Organizational Behavior [3660]. Human.aEnglisht 2001W. F EOvN (!Gentner, Dedre Markman, Arthur B.o2+Structure mapping in analogy and similarity American Psychologist.521, Jan  45-56\Analogy and similarity are often assumed to be distinct psychological processes. In contrast to this position, the authors suggest that both similarity and analogy involve a process of structural alignment and mapping, that is, that similarity is like analogy. In this article, the authors first describe the structure-mapping process as it has been worked out for analogy. Then, this view is extended to similarity, where it is used to generate new predictions. Finally, the authors explore broader implications of structural alignment for psychological processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).\U*Analogy *Cognitive Generalization *Cognitive Maps Cognitive Processes [2340]. Human.>8American Psychological Assn, US Journal Article. English 199782Gentner, Dedre Lowenstein, Jeffrey Thompson, Leigh 2003D=Learning and transfer: A general role for analogical encodingr(!Journal of Educational Psychology952f393-4084Gentner, Dedre?"Mental Models, Psychology of "Smelser, N. J. Baltes, P. B.F@International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Kidlington, UK Elsevier Science"Gentner, Dedre Whitley, Eric draftF?Mental Models of Population Growth: A Preliminary Investigationm George, A. L. 1980`ZPresidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice  Boulder, CO Westview,&Gerrig, Richard J. Banaji, Mahzarin R.'81Yale U, Dept of Psychology, New Haven, CT, US, 1.Language and thought4.Handbook of perception and cognition (2nd ed )Sternberg, Robert J (Ed) (1994) Thinking and problem solving Handbook of perception and cognition (2nd ed ) (pp 233-261) xix, 461pp (from the chapter) [explore] the relationship between language and thought / look at both directions of influence: thought on language and language on thought / review a representative sample of empirical literature [on thought influences on language] / the potential effect of language on thought . . . has proven to be among the more troubled areas of psychological research / review this troubled history [focusing on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism] / [review] the major areas of research that have been used to argue for or against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis / demonstrate why a renaissance of interest in this topic has emerged out of a recognition of the bidirectional influences of language and thought / take up [2] individual topics--conceptual metaphor and language acquisition--to demonstrate the advisability of a balanced perspective on the relationship between language and thought (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).\U*Cognition *Language Language Development Metaphor Cognitive Processes [2340]. Human.English 1994 *$Giacalone, Robert A. Rosenfeld, Paul0)Impression management in the organization. 1989xi, 456(from the introduction) This volume focuses on applications of an impression management perspective to major research areas within organizational behavior, human resource management, and general organizational life. As such, it presents work from the social psychological perspective, the management perspective, as well as perspectives on applications to specific areas of organizational and business research. We believe that the combination of approaches offers researchers and students a blend of practical and theoretical conceptualizations, and the result is a truly synergistic sourcebook. Readers acquainted with the impression management, as well as those acquainted with the management literature, will undoubtedly find many familiar names, some with entirely novel conceptualizations and applications of impression management theory to organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Impression Management *Organizational Behavior Personnel Management Self Monitoring Self Perception Organizational Behavior [3660]. Human. H AReferences. Acknowledgments Introduction--Impression management in organizations: An overview [by] Robert A. Giacalone and Paul Rosenfeld 1. Perspectives on impression management in organizations * Self-monitoring processes in organizational settings / Mark Snyder and John Copeland * Self-identification and accountability / Barry R. Schlenker and Michael F. Weigold * Indirect tactics of image management: Beyond basking / Robert Cialdini * Motives and costs of self-presentation in organizations / Roy F. Baumeister * The business of excuses / Raymond L. Higgins and C. R. Snyder * Images of corporate success / Catherine A. Riordan * The intuitive politician and the assignment of blame in organizations / Nancy Bell and Phillip Tetlock * Self-presentation styles in organizations / Robert M. Arkin and James A. Sheppard * Politics in organizations / Gerald R. Ferris, Gail S. Russ and Patricia M. Fandt * The ethics of impression management / Dennis J. Moberg * Self-presentational biases in organizational research / Eugene F. Stone * The management of impressions through goal setting / Vandra L. Huber, Gary P. Latham and Edwin A. Locke * Self-serving bias as a self-sensemaking strategy: Explicit versus tacit impression management / Dennis A. Gioia * Ingratiation and impression management in the organization / David A. Ralston and Priscilla M. Elsass Part II: Applications of impression management to organizational settings * Impression management at organizational entry / John P. Wanous * Impression management in the selection interview / Clive Fletcher * Impression management and the letter of recommendation / Stephen B. Knouse * Impression management in the context of performance appraisal / Peter Villanova and H. John Bernardin * The role of forensic factors and grievant impression management on labor arbitration decisions / Robert A. Giacalone, Hinda G. Pollard and Dalton E. Brannen * Impression management: Its interpretative role in the supervisor-employee feedback process / Robert W. Eder and Donald B. Fedor * Ingratiation in the development of leader-member exchanges / Robert C. Liden and Terence R. Mitchell * Self-presentational processes in leadership emergence and effectiveness / Mark R. Leary * Lying and detecting lies in organizations / Peter J. DePaulo, Bella M. DePaulo, John Tang and Gregory W. Swaim * Self-presentational tactics and employee theft / Stephen L. Payne * Impression management through office design / Suzyn Ornstein * Impression management in services marketing: A dramaturgical perspective / Stephen J. Grove and Raymond P. Fisk Author index Subject index English Gibbons, F.X. 1990D=Self-attention and behavior: A review and theoretical updater  Zanna, M.P.10*Advances in experimental social psychology  San Diego, CA Adademic Press23249-303r Psych 2500 class binder2001 October 16 review self,.*$Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L.<6Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999Psychological Science114 Jul315-319|Investigated differences over a 10-yr period in Whites' self-reported racial prejudice and their bias in selection decisions involving Black and White candidates for employment in a sample of 194 undergraduates. The authors examined the hypothesis, derived from the aversive-racism framework, that although overt expressions of prejudice may decline significantly across time, subtle manifestations of bias may persist. Consistent with this hypothesis, self-reported prejudice was lower in 1998-1999 than it was in 1988-1989, and at both time periods, White participants did not discriminate against Black relative to White candidates when the candidates' qualifications were clearly strong or weak, but they did discriminate when the appropriate decision was more ambiguous. Theoretical and practical implications are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Employment Discrimination *Prejudice *Race and Ethnic Discrimination *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes Blacks Self Report Whites Personnel Management & Selection & Training [3620]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs).HBBlackwell Publishers, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 200060Dovidio, John F. Major, Brenda Crocker, Jennifer':3Colgate U, Dept of Psychology, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.(!Stigma: Introduction and overviewvpHeatherton, Todd F (Ed); Kleck, Robert E (Ed); et al (2000) The social psychology of stigma (pp 1-28) xiv, 450ppThis chapter provides an introduction to and overview of stigma. (from the chapter) Topics include: what is stigma?; types and dimensions of stigma; functions of stigmatizing others; a conceptual framework (the perceiver-target dimension, the personal-group based identity dimension, the affective-cognitive-behavioral dimension, advantages of the 3-dimensional framework, limitations of the framework). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).a.(*Stigma Social Psychology [3000]. Human.Englishe 2000:4Dovidio, John F. Kawakami, Kerry Gaertner, Samuel L.'&Colgate U, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.rlReducing contemporary prejudice: Combating explicit and implicit bias at the individual and intergroup level<6'The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology'Oskamp, Stuart (Ed) (2000) Reducing prejudice and discrimination 'The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology' (pp 137-163) ix, 353pp(from the book) This chapter builds on the authors' concept of aversive racism as being typical of many people. Aversive racists are people who sincerely believe themselves to be unprejudiced, but who still harbor some negative feelings (often unconscious ones) toward ethnic minority groups. The authors report on a series of studies aimed at reducing people's automatic negative stereotypes about outgroups. In individual-level experiments using extensive cognitive retraining, and others creating awareness of discrepancies between one's actions and values, they demonstrated methods by which both explicit and implicit stereotypes could be reduced. They also investigated conditions for optimal intergroup contact in which 2 groups were encouraged to recategorize their boundaries in the direction of sharing a common group identity (e.g., "we're different groups, but all on the same team.") As predicted, they found this intervention led to reduced intergroup bias and prejudice. The authors emphasize that a strong advantage of this kind of dual-identity procedure is that it does not require minority groups to forsake their own unique group identity when they adopt a broader, superordinate identity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).r*Cognitive Therapy *Intergroup Dynamics *Interpersonal Interaction *Prejudice *Stereotyped Attitudes Boundaries (Psychological) Ingroup Outgroup Social Identity Cognitive Therapy [3311]. Human. Adolescence (13-17 yrs). Adulthood (18 yrs & older).Empirical Study. English 2000*$Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L.'&Colgate U, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.PIAffirmative action, unintentional racial biases, and intergroup relations(!Key readings in social psychology5 & Hogg, Michael A. Abrams, Dominic 2001PJIntergroup relations: Essential readings Key readings in social psychology146-161 Philadelphia, PA Psychology Press(from the chapter) This paper examines whether affirmative action is still needed, investigates why it may be needed in terms of contemporary racial attitudes, and considers ways of reducing intergroup conflict and tension surrounding this issue. Although the nature of contemporary bias is more subtle than traditional forms, this unintentional bias can produce barriers to the employment and advancement of well-qualified members of historically disadvantaged groups, as well as resistance to affirmative action. Nevertheless, affirmative action policies may address contemporary biases more effectively than passive equal employment opportunity policies because they emphasize outcomes rather than intentions, provide unambiguous standards of behavior, and establish monitoring systems that insure accountability. Strategies for improving intergroup relations and reducing intergroup conflict associated with this issue are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Affirmative Action *Conflict *Intergroup Dynamics *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes *Racial and Ethnic Relations Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human.lxiv, 439p English Bargh, John A.':4New York U, Dept of Psychology, New York, NY, US, 1. The psychology of the mere (!Bargh, John A. Apsley, Deborah K. 2001\UUnraveling the complexities of social life: A festschrift in honor of Robert B Zajoncv 25-37c Washington, DC ("American Psychological Association(from the chapter) This chapter highlights R. B. Zajonc's skeptical stance toward cognitive mediation of basic social psychological phenomena and shows that Zajonc's mere presence theory of social facilitation effects, his mere exposure theory of attitude formation, and his affect-withou(!Bargh, John A. Apsley, Deborah K.'rlNew York U, Dept of Psychology, New York, NY, US, 1 U Michigan, School of Information, Ann Arbor, NY, US, 2. Introduction (!Bargh, John A. Apsley, Deborah K.o 2001\UUnraveling the complexities of social life: A festschrift in honor of Robert B Zajoncv 3-10 Washington, DC ("American Psychological Association\V(from the chapter) Social psychology, R. B. Zajonc often reminds us, has always been cognitive; has always been about affective experience such as feelings, goals, and desires; and has always been about the self. The chapters in this volume are organized around 3 central themes in social psychologist Zajonc's research. Part 1 of the volume concerns the legacy of Zajonc's "antimediational" stance concerning the role of deliberate, conscious reasoning processes in important social psychological phenomena. The 2nd main theme concerns the nature of affect and its interplay with cognitive processes. The final section of the book deals with another side of Zajonc that seems to contradict his "antimediational" tendency mentioned earlier, namely, his writing on the role of personal agency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Cognitive Processes *Social Cognition *Social Psychologists *Social Psychology Emotions Reasoning Self Efficacy Social Psychology [3000]. Human. Male.xvi, 209p English/n0Brockner, Jo et al.,TNFactors affecting entrapment in escalating conflicts: The importance of timing("Journal of Research in Personality162l Junf247-266gLFHypothesized that various factors may differentially affect degree of entrapment (i.e., amount invested), depending on the time at which the factors are introduced. Ss from the Boston area were given an initial monetary stake and had the opportunity to win more by taking part in an entrapping situation. In Exp I, half of the 43 Ss were provided with a payoff chart that made salient the costs associated with investing (high-cost salience condition), whereas half were not (low-cost salience condition). Moreover, for half of Ss the payoff chart was introduced before they were asked to invest, whereas for the other half it was introduced after they had invested a considerable portion. Entrapment was lower in the high salience/early than in the low salience/early condition. In Exp II, the perceived presence of an audience interacted with personality variables related to face-saving to effect entrapment of the 56 Ss. When the audience was described as "experts in decision making," Ss high in public self-consciousness became less entrapped than those low on these dimensions. When the audience consisted of individuals who "wished simply to observe the experimental procedure," high public self-consciousness Ss were more entrapped than lows. Moreover, these interaction effects occurred when the audience was introduced late. Findings suggest that economic factors are more influential determinants of behavior in the earlier stages of an entrapping conflict, whereas face-saving variables are more potent in the later phases. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).vo*Anxiety *Audiences *Entrapment Games *Motivation *Self Perception Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.2+Academic Press, US Journal Article. English 1982Brockner, Jo et al.,TMThe role of modeling processes in the "Knee Deep in the Big Muddy" phenomenono82Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes331  Feb  77-99Entrapping conflicts are characterized by the tendency for individuals to make increasing commitments to some failing course of action, in large part to justify the appropriateness of previous investments made in that situation. Four experiments, with 195 undergraduates, examined whether an individual's degree of entrapment (i.e., tendency to escalate) may be affected by the behavior of a model in a similar situation. In Exps III, Ss who witnessed an entrapped model became significantly more entrapped than those who did not. This effect was obtained (1) for Ss and models of both sexes, (2) on measures of both process and outcome, (3) across 2 different experimental procedures, and (4) when the model was viewed either during or before the time that Ss made their decisions. Exps III and IV delineated several limiting conditions of the modeling-entrapment relationship. If entrapped models expressed regret rather than pleasure about their behavior, a significant reverse modeling effect was obtained, in which Ss became less entrapped in the presence than in the absence of an entrapped model. The modeling-entrapment relationship was also significantly reduced when the model was unlikable and unintelligent, and thus not an appropriate person for comparison. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, including the possibility that models could be employed to help decision makers. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Entrapment Games *Management Decision Making *Risk Taking *Role Models Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Management & Management Training [3640]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).aB8Advances in Applied Social Psychology: Business Settings  New York, NY "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 45-75@:Brockner, Joel Wiesenfeld, Batia M. Martin, Christopher L.RKDecision frame, procedural justice, and survivors' reactions to job layoffsb82Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes631  Jul 59-68 Tested the hypothesis that decision frame by affecting perceived outcome favorability would interact with procedural fairness (PCF) to influence individuals' reactions to the layoff decision. Ss were 193 production workers (aged 36-65 yrs) who survived layoff. Through a framing manipulation, half evaluated the criteria that the organization used to keep certain employees (Keep condition), whereas the other half judged the criteria that the organization used to dismiss certain employees (Dismiss condition). Survivors also evaluated the PCF of the layoff. As predicted, decision frame and PCF interacted to influence survivors' trust in and support for the organization. When PCF was low, survivors reacted more favorably in the positive frame condition. When PCF was high, however, decision frame had no effect on survivors' reactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Employee Attitudes *Personnel Termination Business and Industrial Personnel Personnel Attitudes & Job Satisfaction [3650]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Aged (65 yrs & older).B8U Arkansas, Dept of Psychology, Fayetteville, AR, US, 1.`YPreferences need no inferences?: The cognitive basis of unconscious mere exposure effectsyNiedenthal, Paula M (Ed); Kitayama, Shinobu (Ed) (1994) The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention (pp 67-85) xiv, 289pp3\U(from the chapter) [in 1980, R. B. Zajonc postulated] that persons can have an emotional reaction to a stimulus without any corresponding cognitive reaction / Zajonc suggested that emotional responses may be produced by a system that is completely independent from cognitive processes / principal empirical support for Zajonc's thesis came from results of several experiments on the subliminal mere exposure effect / he interpreted the effect as evidence that affective responses can be elicited by stimuli that have been repeatedly encountered, but that are not consciously detectable review research on the mere exposure effect and subliminal mere exposure effect / consider the attempts to account for these findings in theory / present a program of research that has strong implications for an explanation of this effect / in so doing we point to limitations of past theories of mere exposure and extend them to account for our recent findings testing the memory-based models of subliminal mere exposure / tests of the memory attribution model (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).tm*Emotional Responses *Memory *Subliminal Stimulation Attribution Human Experimental Psychology [2300]. Human.aEnglishe 1994ntity*Personality Measures60Kawakami, Kerry Spears, Russell Dovidio, John F.TMDisinhibition of stereotyping: Context, prejudice, and target characteristics,%European Journal of Social Psychology324cJul-Aug1517-530e~The present research examined the moderating influences of individual differences in sexism on the application of gender stereotypes to stereotypic versus nonstereotypic targets as a function of contexts that induced sex stereotypic or counterstereotypic responses. Specifically, 66 undergraduates first received an attribution task in which they were induced to explain a variety of gender relevant situations in gender stereotypic or nonstereotypic ways. Participants were then presented with an ostensibly unrelated person judgment task in which they were asked to judge two women who acted either ambiguously stereotypically or nonstereotypically. The initial opportunity to express stereotypes without censure accentuated stereotype application, but only for highly prejudiced participants rating a woman who acted in an ambiguously stereotypical (i.e. unassertive) manner. The authors consider the implications of these findings for processes of stereotype disinhibition, and the moderating influences of individual differences in prejudice, target characteristics, and local norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Contextual Associations *Individual Differences *Sex Role Attitudes *Sexism *Stereotyped Attitudes Sex Roles & Women's Issues [2970]. Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).lF?John Wiley & Sons, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englishe 20026/Kawakami, Kerry Young, Heather Dovidio, John F.JCAutomatic stereotyping: Category, trait, and behavioral activations.(Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin281 Jana 3-15*$Investigated the mechanisms underlying automatic social behavior and cognitive representations related to social categories. In two studies with a total of 125 university students, the authors examined the effects of category priming on automatic behavior in a lexical decision task; and then investigated the potential mediation of the automatic activation of stereotypic traits in the elicitation of automatic behavioral effects. The results across both studies demonstrated an automatic behavior effect; participants primed with the elderly responded more slowly to general lexical decisions than participants not primed with the elderly. The results also provide evidence for automatic stereotypic trait activation; participants primed with the elderly responded faster to stereotypic than nonstereotypic traits. Moreover, consistent with the view that stereotypes are multicomponential, category priming predicted automatic social behavior in ways independent of mediation-by-trait activation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Priming *Stereotyped Attitudes *Stereotyped Behavior Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).F?Sage Publications, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 2002&#82Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L. Validzic, AnaNHIntergroup bias: Status, differentiation, and a common in-group identity0*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology751  Jult109-120aThe present research examined factors that moderate and mediate the reduction of intergroup bias. Two 3-person laboratory groups, which had first worked separately on a task, were informed prior to intergroup contact that (a) the groups were equal or unequal in status based on their task performance, and (b) they had been working on the same or on different task dimensions. Consistent with M. Hewstone and R. J. Brown's (1986) mutual intergroup differentiation model, bias was eliminated when the groups' areas of expertise were differentiated and equally valued (i.e., in the equal status-different dimensions condition). Moreover, as expected on the basis of the common in-group identity model, more inclusive group representations mediated this effect. The findings of the present research thus offer a theoretical integration that can suggest interventions to facilitate positive intergroup contact. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).f*Ingroup Outgroup *Performance *Social Identity *Status Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs).TPIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englishc 1998RLDovidio, John F. Isen, Alice M. Guerra, Paula Gaertner, Samuel L. Rust, Mary'&Colgate U, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.F@Positive affect, cognition, and the reduction of intergroup biasSedikides, Constantine (Ed); Schopler, John (Ed); et al (1998) Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp 337-366) xiv, 468ppt(from the chapter) The research presented in this chapter illustrates complex but systematic interrelationships among social context, affect, cognition, intergroup evaluations, and intergroup behavior. A guiding framework is based on the social categorization perspective of intergroup behavior as reflected in the Common Ingroup Identity Model. The model proposes that intergroup bias and conflict can be reduced by influencing the ways in which group members conceive group boundaries. Other topics addressed include: affect and social categorization; and common ingroup identity and intergroup behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).}*Emotional States *Group Dynamics *Models *Social Behavior *Social Identity Ingroup Outgroup Social Psychology [3000]. Human. Englishs 1998:4Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L. Loux, Stephenie':3Colgate U, Dept of Psychology, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.RLSubjective experiences and intergroup relations: The role of positive affectBless, Herbert (Ed); Forgas, Joseph P (Ed) (2000) The message within: The role of subjective experience in social cognition and behavior (pp 340-371) xvi, 402pp(from the chapter) Explores how subjective experiences shape intergroup attitudes and relations. This chapter, which describes a series of studies derived from the Common Ingroup Identity Model, examines the role of subjective processes and experiences--in particular, how group memberships are conceived and cognitively represented and how incidental positive affect can influence these representations and the outcomes of intergroup contact. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).N\V*Attitudes *Experiences (Events) *Intergroup Dynamics Social Psychology [3000]. Human.Englisht 200081Kawakami, Kerry Dion, Kenneth L. Dovidio, John F.aD>Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task"Swiss Journal of Psychology584241-250Examined automatic stereotype activation related to racial categories utilizing a primed Stroop task. The speed of 27 Ss' ink-color naming of stereotypic and nonstereotypic target words following Black and White category primes were compared; slower naming times are presumed to reflect interference from automatic activation. The results provide support for automatic activation of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. With respect to prejudice, naming latencies tended to be slower for positive words following White than Black primes and slower for negative words following Black than White primes. With regard to stereotypes, Ss demonstrated slower naming latencies for Black stereotypes, primarily those that were negatively valenced, following Black than White category primes. These findings provide further evidence of the automatic activation of stereotypes and prejudice that occurs without intention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Cognitive Processes *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes *Stereotyped Attitudes Blacks Whites Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs). Thirties (30-39 yrs). Middle Age (40-64 yrs).NHVerlag Hans Huber, Switzerland Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1999PJKawakami, Kerry Dovidio, John F. Moll, Jasper Hermsen, Sander Russin, Abby~wJust say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation 0*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology785i Mayr871-888)The primary aim of the present research was to examine the effect of training in negating stereotype associations on stereotype activation. Across 3 studies, participants received practice in negating stereotypes related to skinhead and racial categories. The subsequent automatic activation of stereotypes was measured using either a primed Stroop task (Studies 1 and 2) or a person categorization task (Study 3). The results demonstrate that when receiving no training or training in a nontarget category stereotype, participants exhibited spontaneous stereotype activation. After receiving an extensive amount of training related to a specific category, however, participants demonstrated reduced stereotype activation. The results from the training task provide further evidence for the impact of practice on participants' proficiency in negating stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).*Associative Processes *Social Cognition *Stereotyped Attitudes Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs).APIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English  2000& Kawakami, Kerry Dovidio, John F..(The reliability of implicit stereotyping.(Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin272 Feb212-225Recent research has moved beyond the mere documentation of implicit stereotypes to consider how these measures relate to attitudes and predict behaviors. Little is known, however, about the basic psychometric properties of these measures. The present research includes 3 studies (all Ss college students) that provide evidence for test-retest reliability of response latency measures of implicit gender and racial stereotypes when supraliminal priming of associated traits precedes a group categorization decision (Exp. 1 and 2) and when subliminal presentation of a group member precedes a decision about trait applicability (Exp 3). Across the studies, significant evidence of implicit racial and gender stereotyping was obtained. These effects showed moderate test-retest reliability of comparable levels from, 1 hr to 3 wks. Implications of these findings for the use of implicit measures are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved)..(*Measurement *Response Latency *Statistical Reliability *Stereotyped Attitudes Priming Racial and Ethnic Attitudes Sex Role Attitudes Research Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs).F?Sage Publications, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English  2001 7: Margaret A. Bazerman, Max H.`YThe effects of framing and negotiator overconfidence on bargaining behaviors and outcomes$Academy of Management Journal281 Marr 34-49t\UInvestigated 2 systematic biases (the framing of conflict and negotiator overconfidence) as influences on negotiator behaviors, using 100 undergraduate business students. Ss were told they were participating in a study of bargaining behavior. Negative or positive frame of the bargaining situation resulted fD=Mullen, Brian Dovidio, John F. Johnson, Craig Copper, Carolyn:3In-group^out-group differences in social projection0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychology285 Sep422-440Three studies with 280 undergraduates examined social projection in an intergroup context (interclass, interinstitution, and interpolitical classification). Ss estimated consensus for allocation splits spelled out in written paragraphs. Results replicate the previously established false consensus effect for the in-group. However, this effect was reversed in the false uniqueness effect evidenced toward the out-group. The stronger differences between in-group projection and out-group projection in the 2nd and 3rd studies were attributed to their more potent manipulations of the intergroup context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).xr*Intergroup Dynamics *Social Perception Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).BAcross cultural divides: The value of a superordinate identityPrentice, Deborah A (Ed); Miller, Dale T (Ed) (1999) Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict (pp 173-212) xvi, 507pp(from the book) The authors review their program of research on the Common Ingroup Identity Model. The goal of this model is to explore how to utilize the cognitive processes that usually produce intergroup bias--especially the processes of categorization--to produce an intergroup structure that reduces the perception of invidious differences between groups. In particular, these researchers show that inducing members of different groups to think of themselves in terms of a superordinate group identity--one that they share--leads them to think about, feel, and act more positively toward each other. Moreover, invoking this superordinate identity does not require individuals to forsake their subgroup identities. Indeed, for some outcomes (such as generalization of positive attitudes and behaviors beyond the immediate situation), recognizing both connection (superordinate group identity) and difference (original subgroup identity) is optimal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Cognitive Style *Group Cohesion *Ingroup Outgroup *Social Cognition *Social Identity Models Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.f0*Literature Review/Research Review. English 1999zGaertner, Samuel L. Dovidio, John F. Nier, Jason A. Banker, Brenda S. Ward, Christine M. Houlette, Melissa Loux, Stephenie^WThe Common Ingroup Identity Model for reducing intergroup bias: Progress and challenges }Capozza, Dora (Ed); Brown, Rupert (Ed) (2000) Social identity processes: Trends in theory and research (pp 133-148) xv, 227ppjd(from the chapter) Examines the progress of and challenges to the Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM), which identifies potential antecedents and outcomes of recategorization, for reducing intergroup bias through the presentation of research investigating concerning causes/conditions of group representations, consequences of a common ingroup identity and dual identity as well as the models ability to cross status boundaries, its generalizability and whether or not the model seems realistic. Results, in relation to the conditions of group representation, provide consistent evidence in support of the CIIM. Those involving consequences of common ingroup identity demonstrate the applicability of the basic principles and processes outlined in the CIIM to meaningful entities with long-term relationships. Results concerning dual identity support the CIIM as a general framework for reducing intergroup bias. The authors suggest that this model is realistic and able to cross status boundaries. However, generalization is not as strong as they hoped. It is concluded that, although they do not regard the recategorization approach to be a panacea, and theoretical and practical challenges clearly remain, research suggests that superordinate group identification has the potential to improve intergroup relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).`Y*Ingroup Outgroup *Intergroup Dynamics *Models *Social Identity Social Psychology [3000].t0*Literature Review/Research Review. English 2000,4~RLGaertner, Samuel L. Rust, Mary C. Dovidio, John F. Bachman, Betty A. et al.,`YThe contact hypothesis: The role of a common ingroup identity on reducing intergroup biasSmall Group Research252v Mayi224-249aExplored how the features identified by the contact hypothesis reduce intergroup bias among 1,357 students attending a multicultural high school. The study examined predictions derived from the common in-group identity model that equal status, cooperative independence, interaction, and egalitarian norms reduce bias because they alter cognitive representations of the student body from different groups to a more inclusive group. The 90-item survey measured Ss' impressions of the features of contact at school, their representations of the student body, and bias in their affective reactions and overall attitudinal favorability toward groups at school. Reductions in bias were predicted by stronger common in-group representations, weaker representations of 2 groups, and ethnic/racial identities that included a superordinate American identity. Furthermore, cognitive representations mediated the relation between contact and reductions in bias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).w>8*Intergroup Dynamics *Interpersonal Interaction *Social Identity *Social Perception *Student Attitudes Ethnic Identity High School Students Multicultural Education Social Cognition Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Classroom Dynamics & Student Adjustment & Attitudes [3560]. Human. Adolescence (13-17 yrs).F?Sage Publications, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englishw 1994<6Gaertner, Samuel L. Dovidio, John F. Bachman, Betty A.TMRevisiting the contact hypothesis: The induction of a common ingroup identity60International Journal of Intercultural Relations20 3-4dSum-Fals271-290eReviews evidence pertaining to the Common Ingroup Identity Model for reducing intergroup bias. This model proposes that intergroup bias and conflict can be reduced by factors that transform members' cognitive representations of the memberships from 2 groups to 1 more inclusive social entity. Theoretically, a common ingroup identity extends or redirects the cognitive and motivational processes that produce positive feelings toward ingroup members to former outgroup members. It is proposed that the prerequisite features specified by the Contact Hypothesis (G. W. Allport, 1954; S. W. Cook, 1985), such as equal status between the memberships, cooperative interdependence, opportunity for self-revealing interactions and egalitarian norms, successfully reduce bias, in part, because they help transform members' perceptions of the memberships from "Us" and "Them" to a more inclusive "We." Evidence from a laboratory experiment, 2 survey studies involving students attending a multi-ethnic high school and executives who have experienced a corporate merger, and a field experiment involving fans attending a college football game are summarized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Ingroup Outgroup *Intergroup Dynamics Cross Cultural Communication Interpersonal Communication Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Culture & Ethnology [2930]. Human.4-Elsevier Science, US Journal Article. Englishu 1996  $Thompson, L. L. DeHarpport, T. 1990,&Negotiation in Long-Term Relationships60International Association of Conflict Management  Vancouver, BCThompson, Leigh L.*#Information exchange in negotiationE0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologyo272r Maro161-179lConducted 2 experiments with 318 undergraduates that examined the effects of 2 methods of information exchange, providing and seeking information about interests, on the accuracy of negotiators' perceptions of their opponent and negotiation outcomes. Both mechanisms improved the accuracy of negotiators' judgments about the other party and led to more mutually beneficial, integrative negotiation agreements. It was not necessary that both negotiators provide (or seek) information: Joint outcomes improved significantly even when only 1 member of the bargaining pair provided (or sought) information. Negotiators who provided information to the other party did not place themselves at a disadvantage vis-a-vis their opponent in terms of individual profit. The accuracy of negotiators' judgments was strongly related to their performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).rl*Interests *Judgment *Negotiation Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).B8Colgate U, Professor of Psychology, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.nhCognitive and motivational bases of bias: Implications of aversive racism for attitudes toward Hispanics"Sage focus editions, Vol 142Knouse, Stephen B (Ed); Rosenfeld, Paul (Ed); et al (1992) Hispanics in the workplace Sage focus editions, Vol 142 (pp 75-106) viii, 292pp(from the chapter) consider the origins and consequences of prejudice / discuss the historical view that stereotypes and prejudices are irrational beliefs and feelings / review the more recent perspective that emphasizes how normal biases in the ways people think can contribute to prejudice / examine how these cognitive biases interact with motivational and sociocultural factors to shape the nature of contemporary forms of bias / present . . . evidence on the existence of a modern, subtle form of bias--aversive racism / examine evidence concerning patterns of bias and discrimination toward Hispanics / reviews strategies for reducing bias, with specific attention to the workplace (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Prejudice *Racial and Ethnic Attitudes *Sociocultural Factors Hispanics Motivation Organizational Behavior Racism Social Discrimination Stereotyped Attitudes Culture & Ethnology [2930]. Human.English 1992Dovidio, John F.2+A new look, better look, or different look?Psychological Inquiry32159-160Comments on the article on stereotypes and prejudice in which R. Fox (see record 1992-42954-001) argues that humans' reliance on intuition, prejudgment, and heuristics is functional and essential, and represents the "ideal." The comment addresses (1) whether Fox's perspective is "new" and (2) what contribution it offers to the study of stereotyping and prejudice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).rzt*Logical Thinking *Prejudice *Stereotyped Attitudes Theory of Evolution Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.<6Lawrence Erlbaum, US Comment. Journal Article. English 1992*$Dovidio, John F. Gaertner, Samuel L.':3Colgate U, Dept of Psychology, Hamilton, NY, US, 1.0*Stereotypes and evaluative intergroup biasMackie, Diane M (Ed); Hamilton, David Lewis (Ed) (1993) Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp 167-193) xiv, 389pp6/(from the chapter) [examine] some of the consequences of category-based processing / [consider] the implications of [previous] work on impression formation and intergroup relations for understanding category-based responses / focuses on three questions: (1) is ingroup-outgroup categorization sufficient to activate category-based affect / (2) can cognitive and affective (i.e., evaluative) components in category-based impression formation be independent / (3) do deliberative considerations modify the spontaneous expressions of impressions / consider the implications of the answers to these questions and briefly suggest ways in which cognitive factors related to the processing of social categories can alter affective responses to outgroup members (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).a*Cognitive Processes *Emotions *Stereotyped Attitudes Classification (Cognitive Process) Impression Formation Intergroup Dynamics Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.Englisht 1993 Milne1999 Milne1999 Milne2001 Milne2002 Milne2002 Milne2002 Milne2002 Milne2003  Miner1984 Minsk1991  Minsky1974 Minton1986J 7 Minton19999V Mintzberg1973S Mintzberg1975R Mintzberg1997  Mintzberg1997 Mirels19711 Mirenberg2002  Mironi1979 Mischel1976[ Mischel2001j Mitchell)Mitchell2000Mitchell2002Mitchell2002Mitchell2002lMitchell2002Mitchell2003Mitchell2003[Mitchell2003  Mitroff2002gMladinic2000 Mnookin1995 Moag (in press)nb Moag1986 ! Moag19989 Moag1999o Q Mobius2005  Mokdad2004 Molden20010 Molden20033 Moll20000 Moller19811  Monson1982Monteith1991Monteith1993Monteith1993Monteith1994Monteith1996Monteith1996Monteith1998Monteith1999Monteith2000$Monteith2000sMonteith2001rMonteith2002  Montgomery1998 Mook1992{ Mook19988 ! Moon1995  Moon1997  Moon1998  Moon2000Moore Moore1997 Moore1997 Moore1999 Moore19991 Moore1999? Moore1999 Moore1999  Moore1999 Moore2000 Moore2000 Moore2000 Moore2000 Moore2000 Moore20027 Moore2002 ) Moore2002 Moore2003h Moore2003 u Moore2004  Moore2004  Moore2004 Moore2005  Moore2005 TMoorein pressgMooreresearch proposal Moran2004 Moreland19919R Morewedge20041 Morf2000  Morgan1967B Morgan19979 ' Morgenstern1947  Morley1982 Morling1996 Morling1996k Morling1999[ Morris19755 D Morris1986  Morris1994c Morris19955j Morris1995  Morris1995 Morris19977 Morris19988  Morris1998 Morris1999 Morris19999  Morris1999 Morris2000 Morrison1994Morsella2002  Mortensen1982  Mortensen1986  Moscovici1969 Moskowitz1999 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2002- Motes2000( Mottola1997 Mottola1999g Mouton1961g Moya20002g Mucchi-Faina2000 Muecke20020 Muehlfriedel2001 Mueller2002C Mullainathan2001  Mullainathan2004  Mullainathan20057 Mullen1992 Mullen19989  Mullen2001 Mummendey2003 xMumpower19777 Mundy1960 Munhall2001c Muraven1998 Murnam19988 Murnighan1978  Murnighan1978  Murnighan1981 A Murnighan1982  Murnighan1986  Murnighan1987 B Murnighan1988 Murnighan1990  Murnighan1990  Murnighan1991  Murnighan1994 e Murnighan1995 Murnighan1996 < Murnighan2001  Murphy1977t Murphy1993 Murphy Paul2000 MurrayM Murray19999 Murray1999 Murray2000 Murray2002 Murray2003C Murrell1989@ Murrell19905 Murrell1994 Murrell2000 Murrell2001* Mussweiler1997  Mussweiler1999! Mussweiler2000( Mussweiler2000  Mussweiler2000  Mussweiler2000 Mussweiler2001 Mussweiler2002g Myers1994. Myers1996y Myers2000  Myerson1987  Myerson1991^Naccache20033 Nadler19999Nalebuff1987Nalebuff1991yNalebuff19961 Nalebuff2003  Nash1950  Nash1953 7 Nass1994 ! Nass1995  Nass1997  Nass2000 Nauta1995 Neale1982 Neale1983 Neale1984 Neale1985 Neale1985 Neale1985 Neale1985  Neale1985 Neale1985 Neale1986 Neale1986  Neale1986  Neale1986  Neale1986 Neale1986 Neale1987 Neale1987 Neale1987  Neale1987  Neale1987  Neale1987 Neale1989  Neale1989 Q Neale1989E Neale1990G Neale1990  Neale1990 Neale1990 Neale1990  Neale1990  Neale1990  Neale1990 Neale1991 Neale1991 Neale1992 Neale1992F Neale1992  Neale1992  Neale1993 l Neale1993 Neale1994 Neale1995 Neale1995 ` Neale1995  Neale1995 Neale1996 Neale1996  Neale1997 Neale1998  Neale1998 Neale1999 Neale1999 Neale2005 Neisser1979 Neisser1992 Nelson1995w Nelson20000 Nelson2001a f Neslin19831Neubauer2002 Neuberg1987 Neuberg1987  Neuberg1988m Neuberg1999Neuborne1995! Neumann2000 Neustadt1986 Newton1993 Neyer1997 Neyer1999 Neyer2002 Nezleck2004 Nickel20011  Nickerson1965  Nickerson1987u Nickerson1999 Q Niehaus2005! Niemann1998% Niemann19981998Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998% Niemann1998% Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Niemann1998 Morris19988 Morris1999 Morris2000 Morris2000̪Morsella2002 Moskowitz1999 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2000 Moskowitz2002- Motes2000( Mottola1997 Mottola1999g Mouton1961g Moya20002g Mucchi-Faina2000̐ Muecke20020 Muehlfriedel2001 Mueller2002C Mullainathan" Mullainathanin press7 Mullen1992 Mullen19989  Mullen2001̢ Mummendey2003x Mumpower19777 Munhall2001c Muraven1998 Murnighan1978 Murnighan1990 Murnighan1996t Murphy1993 Murphy Paul2000 MurrayM Murray19999 Murray1999 Murray2000 Murray2002̠ Murray2003C Murrell1989@ Murrell19905 Murrell1994 Murrell2000 Murrell2001* Mussweiler1997! Mussweiler2000( Mussweiler2000 Mussweiler2001 Mussweiler2002g Myers1994. Myers1996y Myers2000^Naccache20033Nalebuff1987Nalebuff1991yNalebuff19961 Nauta1995 Neale1982C Neale1982 Neale1983 Neale1984 Neale1985 Neale1985 Neale1985 Neale1985: Neale1985 Neale1986D Neale1986 Neale1986 Neale1987 Neale1987 Neale1987 Neale1989E Neale1990G Neale1990 Neale1990 Neale1990 Neale1990 Neale1991 Neale1992 Neale1992F Neale1992H Neale1992 Neale1994 Neale1995 Neale1995` Neale1995 Neale1996 Neale1998 Neale1999 Neale1999 Neale1999 Neale2005 Neisser1979 Neisser1992 Nelson1995w Nelson20000 Nelson2001af Neslin19831Neubauer2002̥ Neuberg1987 Neuberg1987m Neuberg1999Neuborne1995! Neumann2000 Newton1993 Newton1993̘ Neyer1997 Neyer1999 Neyer2002 Nezleck Nickel20011u Nickerson1999! Niemann1998% Niemann1998d:3Galinsky, Adam D. Moskowitz, Gordon B. Skurnik, Iani~xCounterfactuals as self-generated primes: The effects of prior counterfactual activation on person perception judgementsSocial Cognition183 Fal252-2802f_335 undergraduate students participated in three experiments which tested whether counterfactual events can serve as primes. The evidence supports the hypothesis that counterfactuals prime a mental simulation mind-set that leads people to consider alternatives. Exposure to counterfactual scenarios affected person perception judgments in a later, unrelated task and this effect was distinct from semantic construct priming. Moreover, these effects were dependent on the availability of salient possible outcomes in the person perception task. Direction of the counterfactual comparison, upward or downward, did not moderate any of the effects, providing evidence that the process of thinking counterfactually, and not the content of the counterfactuals, was responsible for the priming effects. These experiments also provide evidence that the effects of mind-set accessibility, similar to semantic construct accessibility, are limited by the applicability of the primes to the later judgments. Implications for the nature of priming effects are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).|*Cognitive Processes *Judgment *Perception *Priming Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).Guilford Publications, US Empirical Study. Some of the data in this article were presented at the aforementioned conference Journal Article. English 2000,&Galinsky, Adam D. Moskowitz, Gordon B.nhCounterfactuals as behavioral primes: Priming the simulation heuristic and consideration of alternatives0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychologym364t Jul 384-409- Proposes that awareness of alternative and converse realities that result from exposure to counterfactual scenarios can exert an influence on subsequent behavior and judgment by priming a mental simulation mind-set in which alternatives are considered. 187 Ss participated in the 3-experiment study. Ss primed with a counterfactual were more likely to solve the Duncker candle problem (Exp 1), suggesting that they noticed an alternative function for one of the objects, an awareness that is critical to solving the problem. Ss primed with a counterfactual were more likely to simultaneously affirm the consequent and select the potentially falsifying card, but without selecting the irrelevant card, in the Wason card selection task, suggesting that they were testing both the stated conditional and its reverse (Exp 2). The increased affirmations of the consequent decreased correct solutions on the task--thus, the primed mind-set can bias or debias thought and action. Finally, Exp 3 provides further evidence that counterfactual primes increase the accessibility of relevant alternatives. The nature of priming effects and the role of counterfactual thinking in biasing and debiasing thought and action are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Behavior *Cognitive Processes *Decision Making *Heuristic Modeling *Simulation Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older). Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs). B7American Sociological Assn, US Journal Article. Englisho 19814.Dovidio, John F. Campbell, John B. Kahn, Shari<5Authoritarianism and sex-related attributional biases"Journal of Social Psychology 1182 Dec199-20536 male and 24 female college students provided attributions on a luck-skill dimension for equally successful performance by males and females on a male-related task. Ss in a modification of K. Deaux and T. Emswiller's (see record 1974-20859-001) paradigm heard a male or a female test-taker achieve a better than average score on an item-identification task, and then they evaluated the performance. It was predicted that the S's sex and level of authoritarianism would combine to mediate differential attributions of male and female success. As hypothesized, a significant S Sex * Authoritarianism * Performer Sex interaction was obtained. Specifically, low authoritarian males and females did not make differential attributions on the basis of the sex of the performer, but high authoritarian males attributed more skill to males than to females, and high authoritarian females attributed more skill to females than to males. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).rhb*Attribution *Authoritarianism *Human Sex Differences Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.81Heldref Publications, US Journal Article. Englishv 1982Dovidio, John F.& Sex, costs, and helping behaviorJournal of Psychology 1122 Nov231-236Examined the effects of perceived costs on helping behavior in a university library. 96 male and 96 female college students requested either 10 cents or 30 cents from male or female Ss. Overall, Ss helped more often in response to a request for 10 cents than to a request for 30 cents and gave assistance more frequently to female than to male requestors. As predicted on the basis of research indicating that increasing costs decrease the relative salience of potential rewards, cross-sex helping interaction occurred in the 10-cent but not in the 30-cent request conditions. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).z*Assistance (Social Behavior) *Costs and Cost Analysis *Human Sex Differences Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human.81Heldref Publications, US Journal Article. Englishs 1982("Dovidio, John F. Ellyson, Steve L.Decoding visual dominance: Attributions of power based on relative percentages of looking while speaking and looking while listening"Social Psychology Quarterlya4526 Junr106-113 Examined whether patterns of visual dominance behavior, defined by the ratio of the proportion of time spent looking while speaking to the proportion of looking while listening, could be reliably decoded. Undergraduates viewed videotapes of a person, whose visual behavior was systematically varied, apparently conversing with another person of the same sex. In Exp I, male and female stimulus persons displayed 3 different visual dominance ratios: 55/40, 40/60, and 25/75% to 246 Ss. As predicted, when stimulus persons exhibited the high look-speak to look-listen ratio they were rated as more powerful than when they exhibited the moderate ratio; when they displayed the moderate ratio they were evaluated as more powerful than when they displayed the low visual dominance ratio. In Exp II, variations in the proportions of look-speak (25, 50, and 75%) and look-listen (25, 50, and 75%) were factorially combined for 108 Ss. Attributions of power increased as the proportion of looking while speaking increased and decreased as the proportion of looking while listening increased. Male and female Ss perceived different levels of social power for each of the visual ratios presented. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).y*Data Collection *Dominance Hierarchy *Methodology *Statistical Reliability *Videotapes Research Methods & Experimental Design [2260]. Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human.a>7American Sociological Assn, US Journal Article. EnglishH 1982("Dovidio, John F. Campbell, John B.6/Waiting to help? Attention and helping behavior"Academic Psychology Bulletin52 Jun229-236Three experiments investigated the relationship between attention and helping behavior. Because brief periods of isolation have been shown to increase self-focus and decrease social sensitivity, 77 male and 67 female undergraduates were randomly assigned to wait alone for 1, 13, or 25 min. In Study 1, as predicted, helping decreased following longer waiting periods; this effect was independent of mood (measured by a pilot-tested questionnaire containing 6 bipolar adjective scales). In Study 2, Ss became less responsive to the environment following longer waiting periods. Study 3 indicated that the obtained pattern of helping could not readily be explained by differential rates of hurrying or felt urgency. The relationship of the present research to work on moods and helping and to self-awareness theory is discussed. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Assistance (Social Behavior) *Attention *Emotional States Social Isolation Social Perception & Cognition [3040]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).PIMichigan Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. Englishq 1983 ^ ], Hazel Rose Steele, Claude M. Steele, Dorothy M. '& Stanford U, Stanford, CA, US, 1.ZSColor blindness as a barrier to inclusion: Assimilation and nonimmigrant minoritiesoShweder, Richard A (Ed); MinMannix, Elizabeth A.~wThe influence of power, distribution norms and task meeting structure on resource allocation in small group negotiation2,International Journal of Conflict Management4r1C Jan 5-23144 Ss participated in a 3-person negotiation exercise, in which they had to form 2- or 3-way coalitions to receive resources. The effects of power position (high, medium, low), distribution norms (contribution, need), and task meeting structure (caucus, joint) on the distribution of resources were examined. Results show groups that began by caucusing had a higher incidence of 2-way agreements than groups that began with joint meetings. The task meeting structure interacted with power position such that caucusing increased the high power player's outcome, while the joint meeting structure increased the low power player's outcome. The distribution norm interacted with power position such that the contribution-based norm increased the outcomes of high power players, while the need-based norm increased the outcomes of the tow power players. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Group Decision Making *Group Dynamics *Negotiation *Power *Resource Allocation Conflict Resolution Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).ZTCtr for Advanced Studies in Management, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1993Mannix, Elizabeth A.zsWill we meet again? Effects of power, distribution norms and scope of future interaction in small group negotiationl2,International Journal of Conflict Management54V Oct343-368Two studies examine the effects of power, distribution norms, and the scope of future interaction on small group negotiation. 315 graduate-level business students participated in a 3-person negotiation exercise in which they had to reach agreements between 2 or 3 players to receive resources. In Study 1, the effects of power position, dominant distribution norm, and expectation of future interaction on the distribution of resources were examined. In Study 2, the effects of power position, type of need, and scope of future interaction on the distribution of resources were examined. In both studies, power interacted with distribution norms to affect individual outcomes of small group negotiators. Overall, results indicate that people care about and use a variety of factors in addition to power positions to determine resource allocations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Group Decision Making *Needs *Negotiation *Power *Resource Allocation Mediation & Conflict Resolution [4250]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).ZTCtr for Advanced Studies in Management, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 1994  ,Thompson, Leigh-<6"They saw a negotiation": Partisanship and involvement0*Journal of Personality & Social Psychology685m Mayu839-853tThe incompatibility error is the belief that the other party's interests are completely opposed to one's own in a negotiation situation, when in fact, the other party's interests are completely compatible with one's own. In Experiment 1, partisan and nonpartisan observers viewed a negotiation. Nonpartisan observers were more likely to detect compatible interests than the actual negotiators. In Experiment 2, high involvement worsened judgment accuracy among partisan observers but improved judgment accuracy among nonpartisan observers. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of Experiment 2: Nonpartisan observers made more accurate judgments when they were accountable than when they were not accountable; however, partisan observers made less accurate judgments when they were accountable than when they were not accountable. Partisans who were not accountable expressed the most confidence in their judgments. Partisans tended to judge their party to be more friendly than the other party; nonpartisans were more evenhanded in their judgments. There were no differences in recall of the videotaped interaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Involvement *Judgment *Negotiation *Reference Groups Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).PIAmerican Psychological Assn, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English. 1995>7Thompson, Leigh Valley, Kathleen L. Kramer, Roderick M.n\VThe bittersweet feeling of success: An examination of social perception in negotiation0)Journal of Experimental Social Psychology316F Nov467-492iUsed a social perception framework to examine how social cues and intergroup relations affect social judgment and behavior in negotiation. In Exp 1, 90 Ss negotiated and then learned that their opponent felt happy/disappointed/neutral. Ss felt less successful when their opponent was happy than when the opponent was disappointed. This effect occurred independent of Ss' actual performance on the task. The feeling of success was bittersweet in that Ss who felt successful also regarded themselves as being less honorable in the negotiations. Exp 2 tested the impact of intergroup relationships on the bittersweet effect. 86 Ss who negotiated with a disappointed opponent felt successful when the opponent was an out-group member, but not when the opponent was an in-group member. Ss allocated more resources to in-group than to out-group members who were disappointment with a previous outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Intergroup Dynamics *Negotiation *Psychosocial Factors *Social Perception Group & Interpersonal Processes [3020]. Human. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).B8American Psychological Assn, US Journal Article. English 1975"Miller, P. M. Fagley, N. S. 1988TMThe effects of framing, problem variations, and providing rationale on choice\(working paper)r Miner, J. B. 1984F@The Unpaved Road Over the Mountains: From Theory to Applications0*The Industrial Organizational Psychologist21 9-20Minsky, M. Papert, S. 1974Artifical IntelligenceCondensed Lectures .'Oregon State System of Higher EducationMintzberg, Henry 1973$The Nature of Managerial Worko New York Harper and RowMintzberg, Henry 1975,%The manager's job: Folklore and factHarvard Business Review534 49-61r% 90210eMintzberg, Henry 1997$The Nature of Managerial Work New York $Harpercollins College DivisionMintzberg, Henry 1997*$The manager's job: Folklore and fact Vecchio, Robert P.TNLeadership: Understanding the dynamics of power and influence in organizations 35-53*Decision Making *Interpersonal Influences *Management Personnel *Roles *Working Conditions Folklore Management & Management Training [3640]. Human.(from the chapter) If you ask managers what they do, they will most likely tell you that they plan, organize, coordinate, and control. These four words, which have dominated management vocabulary since the French industrialist H. Fayol first introduced them in 1916, tell us little about what managers actually do. The author breaks away from Fayol's words and introduces a more supportable and useful description of managerial work. This description derives from his review and synthesis of research on how various managers have spent their time. In some studies, managers were observed intensively; in a number of others, they kept detailed diaries; in a few studies, their records were analyzed. All kinds of managers were studied--foremen, factory supervisors, staff managers, field sales managers, hospital administrators, presidents of companies and nations, and even street gang leaders. These "managers" worked in the United States, Canada, Sweden, and Great Britain. Other topics discussed include: folklore and facts about managerial work; back to a basic description of managerial work; interpersonal roles; informational roles; decisional roles; the integrated job; toward more effective management; and the educator's job. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).]XRReprint. Reprinted from "Harvard Business Review," Jul-Aug 1975, pp. 49-61 English' Neil60Mitchell, Jason P. Macrae, C. Gilchrist, Iain D.>8Working memory and the suppression of reflexive saccades(!Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience141 Jan 95-103HBConscious behavioral intentions can frequently fail under conditions of attentional depletion. In attempting to trace the cognitive origin of this effect, the authors hypothesized th failures of action control--specifically, oculomotor movement--can result from the imposition of fronto-executive load. To evaluate this prediction, participants performed a antisaccade task while simultaneously completing a working memory task that is known to make variable demands on prefrontal processes. 16 university students (USs) participated in Exp 1 and 18 USs participated in Exp 2. The results of 2 experiments are reported. As, expected, antisaccade error rates were increased in accordance with the fronto-executive demands of the n-back task (Exp 1). In addition, the debilitating effects of working memory load were restricted to the inhibitory component of the antisaccade task (Exp 2). These findings corroborate the view that working memory operations play a critical role in the suppression of prepotent behavioral responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).*Errors *Eye Movements *Frontal Lobe *Responses *Short Term Memory Neuropsychology & Neurology [2520]. Human. Male. Female. Adulthood (18 yrs & older).>7MIT Press, US Empirical Study. Journal Article. English 2002 1995<6Nass, Clifford Moon, Youngme Fogg, B. J. Reeves, Byron82Can computer personalities 1995<6Nass, Clifford Moon, Youngme Fogg, B. J. Reeves, Byron82Can computer personalities be human personalities?6/International Journal of Human-Computer Studies0432e223-239I Elsevier Science1071-5819, PrintTY - JOUR Accession Number: 1996-18654-001. First Author & Affiliation: Nass, Clifford; Stanford U, Dept of Communication, CA, US. Release Date: 19960601. Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal (270). Media Covered: Print. Language: English. Major Descriptor(s): Computers; Cues; Human Machine Systems; Personality. Classification: Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems (4120). Population: Human (10). Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300). Content Type: Empirical Study (0800)rlDetermined that computer personalities can seem human with a minimum of cues and that Ss will respond to these personalities in the same way they would respond to similar human personalities. 48 undergraduates determined to be either dominant or submissive on the Bem Sex Roles Inventory were randomly matched with a computer that was endowed with properties associated with dominance or submissiveness, using a simple, text-based system with scripted responses. Ss recognized the computer's personality type, distinct from friendliness and competence. Ss preferred the computer with the same personality type and were more satisfied with the interaction. Personality does not appear to require richly defined agents, sophisticated pictorial representations, natural language processing, or artificial intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)need for minimal cues in presentation of computer personality & user response, college students Computers Cues Human Machine Systems Personalityhttp://elsevier.com http://ezp1.harvard.edu/login?url=http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&an=1996-18654-001&loginpage=login.aspc~